培养德识双馨的国家栋梁之才：《普通地质学》课程教学有感

《普通地质学》是引领新生进入地学殿堂、了解地球科学知识的一门专业启蒙课,也是新形势下地学通识教育中的一门基础理论课。其内容涉及地质学全部基础知识中的最必要部分,具有衔接和统领地学各门专业基础知识的特点。根据多年教学体会,笔者认为在精英教育与通才教育并举的新形势下,必须心系学生,与时俱进,转变教育理念,优化集课堂、实验、野外教学为一体的教学体系,推进教学内容的改革与建设,摈弃不适应时代发展与国家需求的教育模式,采用现代化的教学方法和教育技术;对学生开展基础理论传授、专业基础技能训练、创新科研培育的系统教育,拓宽学生的专业知识面,激发学生专业兴趣和创造性思维。在传授科学知识的同时,目标明确地开展思政教育,引导学生认清学问与道德的关系,建立德识双馨的价值取向,提高基础地质课程教学质量和学生的综合素质,促进教学改革,为国家培养五育兼备的优秀人才。     

Extensional Setting of Hainan Island in Mesoproterozoic: Evidence from Granitic Intrusions in the Baoban Group

The Mesoproterozoic Baoban Group is the oldest basement in Hainan Island and has played an important role in Columbia (Nuna) supercontinent reconstructions. The Mesoproterozoic granitic intrusions in the Baoban Group are the most widely-exposed Precambrian magmatic rocks and are the key to understanding the tectonic settings of Hainan Island and its relationship with the South China Block and the Columbia supercontinent. New LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating on three mylonitic granite samples from the Tuwaishan and Baoban areas yield ages ranging from 1447 Ma to 1437 Ma, representing the absolute timing of the emplacement of the granitic intrusions. Combined with previously published geochronological data for rocks from the Baoban Group and regional mafic intrusions, it is concluded that the Baoban Group formed at 1460–1430 Ma, coeval with the emplacement of the granitic and mafic intrusions. New in-situ zircon Lu-Hf isotope analyses for the three mylonitic granite samples yielded positive εHf(t) values, ranging from +0.49 to +8.27, with model ages (TCDM) ranging from 2181 Ma to 1687 Ma, suggesting that the granitic intrusions originated from a mixed source of Paleoproterozoic crust with juvenile crust. New zircon trace element data show characteristics of high Th/U values of 0.24–1.50, steep slopes from LREE to HREE and negative Pr, Eu anomalies with positive Ce, Sm anomalies, representing typical magmatic zircons formed in continental crust. Compared with available magmatic and detrital zircon ages from Precambrian rocks in the Cathaysia Block, Yangtze Block and western Laurentia, it is inferred that Hainan Island was separated from both the Cathaysia Block and the Yangtze Block, instead being connected with western Laurentia in the Columbia supercontinent. Considering the decreasing tendency of basin deposition time along the western margin of Laurentia, it is proposed that Hainan Island was located to the north or northwest of the Belt-Purcell Supergroup, along the western margin of Laurentia, during the breakup of the Columbia supercontinent.     

基于扩展有限元分析的页岩水力压裂裂缝扩展规律探究

水力压裂是开采地下页岩气资源的有效技术手段,探究页岩水力压裂裂缝的扩展规律,可为页岩气的高效开采提供科学的指导依据。通过运用大型有限元软件ABAQUS中的扩展有限元模块,针对不同地应力差工况条件下均质页岩中初始裂缝的位置、方位角、数量和含层理页岩中层理的构造方向、内部倾角、岩性对水力裂缝扩展的影响进行探究。结果表明：对于垂向扩展的水力裂缝,水平主应力增大使裂缝更不易扩展,裂缝扩展长度减小、起裂压力增大;在注液体积流量相同时,向初始裂缝两端同时起裂所形成的水力裂缝长度大于仅向一侧起裂;当初始裂缝处于页岩中部且呈45°方向时,裂缝会向最大水平主应力方向偏转,且偏转程度随最大水平主应力的增大而增大;分时多簇压裂时,裂缝间的扩展会相互干扰,且会较大地影响裂缝扩展的形态和起裂压力,但对裂缝注液点裂缝宽度的影响较小;对于含水平和竖直构造层理的页岩,改变层理内部倾角,水力裂缝会出现不同程度偏转,且其偏转程度随着层理内部倾角的增大而减小;对于含45°方向构造层理的页岩,水力裂缝在层理分别为砂岩、煤岩和泥岩中的偏转程度依次增大,且裂缝偏移比随着最大水平主应力的增大而增大。     

基于CT三维重建的注水煤岩体裂隙扩展规律研究

针对煤层注水防尘过程中注水压力设置不合理、注水渗流效果差等问题,采用CT扫描技术与RFPA软件相结合的方法,构建了可以表征注水煤岩体内部孔裂隙结构的三维细观非均匀渗流损伤数值模型。通过对经过CT三维重构的煤岩模型进行不同注水压力的渗流损伤模拟,研究了煤层注水压力对煤样的渗流破坏、渗透率演化及声发射特性变化的影响;并通过对重构的煤岩模型进行缩放处理,研究了煤岩尺寸对煤样的渗流破坏和声发射变化的影响。研究结果表明：在煤样微观裂隙扩展过程中,随着注水压力的递增,煤样损伤单元数、渗流运动的渗流场分布范围、渗透率、声发射数目和能量总体呈上升趋势,局部范围内有波动发生,发生波动的原因是由于渗流运动的渗流场与煤样裂隙内部应力场发生临界反应,致使煤样破坏单元位置发生改变;煤样渗透率由3.82×10−5 μm2上升至0.314 μm2,孔隙率由5.45%上升至48.45%,揭示了煤岩体裂隙总体上随注水压力增大而不断扩展贯通,局部上随注水压力增大而扩展趋势有所下降的影响规律;随着煤样尺寸的增加,注水破坏后煤样的孔隙率呈现先下降后逐渐平稳的趋势,声发射特性变化趋势正好与之相反,表明煤样的尺寸对注水煤岩渗流破坏有显著影响,但当煤样尺寸超过40 mm时,煤样尺寸对注水煤岩渗流破坏的影响趋于稳定。CT扫描技术与RFPA软件相结合的方法能够有效模拟注水煤岩的裂隙渗流扩展行为。     

基于机器学习的表层土壤成矿元素空间预测: 以稀有金属铷元素为例

近些年随着土地质量地球化学调查工作的开展,获取了大量表层土壤样品数据。然而,这些数据也存在一个明显的缺陷,即1∶50 000大比例尺表层土壤数据往往缺少成矿元素。鉴于土壤成矿元素含量对于矿产资源勘查的重要指示作用,尝试基于现有数据对大比例尺表层土壤成矿元素含量提供一个补全方案。以稀有金属铷元素为例,采用随机森林算法把同一区域2 548组1∶250 000小比例尺表层土壤数据按照8∶2的比例随机分为两组,用80%的数据进行训练建模,20%的数据对模型进行验证。采用变量重要性度量排序和构建学习曲线的组合方法优选了8种元素(K、B、Ni、V、Zn、As、Co、Cu)作为预测变量,模型对训练数据和测试数据的拟合优度R²分别达到0.983 2和0.895 6,说明预测变量的优选方法是有效的。随后将1∶50 000表层土壤的上述预测变量数据作为输入变量导入模型中,得到预测的Rb元素含量,预测结果比较符合实际特征。本研究表明将大数据机器学习随机森林算法引入表层土壤地球化学元素含量空间定量预测具有可行性,可进一步拓展土地质量地球化学数据的服务应用维度。     

东疆二叠纪镁铁-超镁铁岩体中辉石的成分特征及其对成岩和Ni-Cu成矿的指示

新疆东部早二叠世镁铁-超镁铁岩体主要分布在天山东段觉罗塔格构造带、中天山地块和北山地区,与这类岩体相关的Ni-Cu矿床主要产出在觉罗塔格带和中天山地区,北山目前并未发现典型Ni-Cu矿床。这些岩体中的斜方辉石主要为古铜辉石,少量为紫苏辉石;单斜辉石属透辉石、次透辉石或普通辉石。矿物成分系统变化显示橄榄石Fo值北山最高、觉罗塔格带到中天山逐次降低的特点,橄榄石Fo值在78~86和Ni含量低于1800×10-6范围内更有利于Cu-Ni成矿;斜方辉石En端元和单斜辉石Wo端元极差值也显示北山最高、觉罗塔格带和中天山较低的规律,且相对小的极差值更有利于成矿。单斜辉石AlⅣ/AlⅥ比值结果显示北山岩体在矿物结晶过程中压力较低,硫溶解度较大,可能是其矿化程度弱于觉罗塔格带和中天山的一个重要因素。觉罗塔格带、中天山和北山镁铁-超镁铁质岩体的母岩浆为非碱性系列、大陆拉斑玄武质岩浆。根据北山和觉罗塔格带岩体单斜辉石微量元素成分估算的母岩浆具有LREE富集以及Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf负异常的特征,指示出两者源区为受俯冲板片交代的地幔,且坡北源区俯冲交代程度更低。觉罗塔格带和中天山单斜辉石Alz vs.Ti显示裂谷堆晶趋势向弧堆晶趋势演化,而北山单斜辉石Alz vs.Ti则显示明显的裂谷堆晶趋势,这说明俯冲交代作用在觉罗塔格带和中天山地区表现的更为强烈。北山镁铁-超镁铁岩体中发现单斜辉石Ti的高异常及矿物温压计算结果显示,表明北山地区具有比觉罗塔格带和中天山更高的岩浆温度,这可能与塔里木二叠纪地幔柱的活动有关。     

西藏扎布耶盐湖铀源初探

扎布耶盐湖蕴藏着丰富的矿产资源,具有超百万吨的锂矿资源。盐湖卤水中铀浓度亦很高,达到1818~3273μg·L-1,文章对该盐湖的地质背景及水中铀浓度概况进行了阐述,初步分析了其铀的来源。     

Ore-forming Fluid Characteristics of the Saishitang Cu-polymetallic Deposit in Qinghai Province, China

Saishitang Cu-polymetallic deposit is located in the southeast section of Late Paleozoic arcfold in the southeastern margin of Qaidam platform. Accoring to the geological process of the deposit,four mineralization episodes were identified: melt/fluid coexisting period(O),skarn period(A),first sulfide period(B) and second sulfide period(C),and 10 stages were finally subdivided. Three types of inclusions were classified in seven stages,namely crystal bearing inclusions(type I),aqueous inclusions(type II) and pure liquid inclusions(type III). Type I and II inclusions were observed in stage O1,having homogenization temperature from 252 to 431°C,and salinities ranging from 24.3% to 48.0%. Type I inclusion was present in stage A1,having homogenization temperature from 506 to 548°C,and salinities ranging from 39.4% to 44.6%. In stage B1,type II and III inclusions were observed,with homogenization temperature concentrating between 300–400°C,and salinities from 0.4% to 4.3%. Type II inclusions were present in stage B2,with homogenization temperature varying from 403 to 550°C. In stage C1,type I and II inclusion commonly coexisted,and constituted a boiling inclusion group,having homogenization temperatures at 187–463°C,and salinities in a range of 29.4%–46.8% and 2.2%–11.0%. Type II and III inclusions were developed in stage C2,having homogenization temperature at 124–350°C,and salinities ranging between 1.6% and 15.4%. In stage C3,type II and III inclusions were presented,with a homogenization temperature range of 164–360°C,and salinities varying from 4.0% to 11.0%. The results of micro-thermal analysis show that fluids are characterized by high temperature and high salinity in stage O1 and A1,and experienced slight decrease in temperature and dramatic decrease in salinity in stage B1 and B2. In stage C1,the salinity of fluid increased greatly and a further decrease of temperature and salinity occurred in stage C2 and C3. Fluids boiled in stage C1. With calculated pressure of 22 MPa from the trapping temperature of 284–289°C,a mineralization depth of 2.2 km was inferred. Results of Laser Raman Spectroscopy show high density of H2 O,CH4 and CO2 were found as gas composition. H-O isotope study indicates the oreforming fluids were the mixture of magmatic water and meteoric water. Physicochemical parameters of fluids show oxygen and sulfur fugacity experienced a decrease,and redox state is weakly reducing. Along with fluid evolution,oxidation has increased slightly. Comprehensive analysis shows that melt exsolution occurred during the formation of quartz diorite and that metal elements existed and migrated in the form of chlorine complex. Immiscible fluid separation and boiling widely occurred after addition of new fluids,bringing about dissociation of chlorine-complex,resulting in a great deal of copper precipitation. In conclusion,Saishitang deposit,controlled by regional tectonics,is formed by metasomatism between highly fractionated mineralization rock body and wall rock,and belongs to banded skarn Cu-polymetallic deposit.     

The Oil-Bearing Pore Size Distribution of Lacustrine Shale from E2S42 Sub-Member in Damintun Sag, Liaohe Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, China

<正>1 Introduction There is a set of organic rich shale at E22S4sub-member in damnintun sag.The organic material is typically type I.In recent years,breakthrough was obtained in shale oil exploration.The wettability of organic and inorganic pore is different.As a result,the mobility of oil in organic and inorganic pore is different.So it’s necessary to distinguish     

博茨瓦纳赛莱比-皮奎铜镍硫化物矿床研究进展

文章对博茨瓦纳铜镍硫化物矿床的研究成果进行了总结,概括了赛莱比-皮奎铜镍硫化物矿床的区域地质背景、岩石地层划分,较系统地分析了矿床的地质特征和矿床成因;认为铜镍硫化物矿床的成矿物质来源多样,并且矿床形成后经历了强烈的褶皱和剪切作用。