湖南汝城盆地原定中侏罗世地层发现早白垩世孢粉组合

通过对湖南汝城盆地原定为中侏罗统的李家洞水库剖面28个孢粉样品的分析处理,发现24个样品有孢粉化石,化石呈现早白垩世孢粉化石组合特征。发现的早白垩世特征分子有高含量的无突肋纹孢Cicatricosisporites,徐氏孢Hsuisporites,刺毛孢Pilosisporites,膜环弱缝孢Aequitriradites,二连粉Erlianpollis,有突肋纹孢Appendicisporites,微囊粉Parvisaccites,以及少量被子植物花粉。依据孢粉化石组合特征,建议将本剖面时代重新厘定为早白垩世。     

Copper sulphide formation chemistry at low temperatures

Summary Covellite, blaubleibender covellite, djurleite and chalcocite have been synthesized by the reaction between Cu₂O with aqueous Na₂S solutions at low temperatures. Digenite was produced by heating the dried products of the aqueous experimentation at 105°C for 50 days, but not directly from aqueous solution. Anilite was formed through air oxidation of chalcocite at room temperature. The pH and Eh conditions of formation of these phases have been studied and it has been shown that the synthetic results broadly reflect the theoretical stability fields for these compounds, inasmuch as more reduced copper sulphides are formed under higher pH and lower Eh conditions. Studies of the changes in these parameters during the course of the experiments have been used to outline the mechanisms involved in the reactions. It has been demonstrated that the form of the copper sulphide produced around neutral pH values is almost independent of the oxidation state of the copper reactant, but highly sensitive to the presence and concentration of elemental sulphur. A detailed discussion of the formation chemistry of copper sulphides in low temperature aqueous solutions is presented.

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Chemie der Kupfersulfidbildung bei niedrigen Temperaturen

Zusammenfassung Covellin, blaubleibender Covellin, Djurleit und Chalkosin wurden durch Reaktion zwischen Cu₂O und wäßrigen Na₂S-Lösungen bei niedrigen Temperaturen synthetisiert. Digenit entstand, wenn die getrockneten Produkte aus wäßrigen Lösungen 50 Tage bei 105°C getempert wurden, aber nicht direkt aus wäßriger Lösung. Anilit bildete sich aus Chalkosin bei Zimmertemperatur durch Oxidation an der Luft. Die pH- und Eh-Bedingungen für die Bildung dieser Phasen wurden untersucht und es wurde gezeigt, daß die Syntheseergebnisse im wesentlichen den theoretischen Stabilitätsfeldern dieser Verbindungen entsprechen, indem sich die stärker reduzierten Kupfersulfide unter höherem pH und kleinerem Eh bilden. Untersuchungen über die Änderung dieser Parameter im Verlauf der Experimente wurden zur Umreißung der Reaktionsmechanismen benützt. Es wurde gezeigt, daß die Art des Kupfersulfides, welches sich um neutrale pH-Werte bildet, fast nicht vom Oxidationszustand des reagierenden Kupfers, aber stark von der Anwesenheit und der Konzentration von elementarem Schwefel abhängt. Die Chemie der Bildung von Kupfersulfiden in wäßrigen Lösungen niedriger Temperatur wird ausführlich diskutiert.

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With 2 Figures     

Derivation of density and temperature from the Cassini–Huygens CAPS electron spectrometer

In this paper we present two methods to derive electron fluid parameters from the CAPS–ELS spectrometer on board the Cassini spacecraft currently in orbit around Saturn. In the first part of the paper we give a basic overview of the instrument and describe the challenges inherent in the derivation of density and temperature values using these techniques. We then describe a method to calculate electron moments by integrating the particle distribution function. We also describe a second technique in which we fit the electron energy spectrum with a Gaussian curve and use the peak energy of this curve to derive density and temperature values. We then compare the two methods with particular emphasis on their application to Cassini SOI observations in the saturnian environment and point out the limitations of the two techniques. We will show that results from the two very different methods are in agreement when the physical properties of the environment and of the observed electron populations have been inferred from inspection of the raw data. Finally we will suggest future developments that will remove these limitations.     

5月青藏高原上空环流与北疆夏季降水的关系

基于1961—2016年5—8月西藏高原环流指数、NCEP再分析资料和新疆96个气象观测站点的降水资料,通过相关分析和合成分析,研究了5月青藏高原上空环流与北疆夏季降水的关系,以及两者之间可能影响的物理机制。结果表明:(1)5月西藏高原环流指数Ⅰ与北疆夏季降水有较好的相关性,相关系数为0.38;(2)5月西藏高原环流指数Ⅰ的强弱变化会影响500hPa的夏季环流特征、夏季地表至300 hPa的水汽通量输送,当指数偏强时,夏季环流形势的配置和水汽输送均有利于北疆夏季降水,反之,则不利于北疆夏季降水;(3)夏季西藏高原环流指数Ⅰ和北疆夏季降水、5月西藏高原环流指数Ⅰ的关系密切,并且5月西藏高原环流指数Ⅰ和青藏高原5月、夏季的感热通量有明显的负相关,通过高原的热力持续性作用,5月西藏高原环流指数Ⅰ的强弱可以影响北疆夏季降水的多少。     

运动学涡度在藏南冈底斯岩浆带中段谢通门-曲水韧性剪切带中的应用

一般剪切带主要由纯剪切和简单剪切共同作用,不同的剪切带及不同的构造位置两者所占有的比例不同。利用运动学涡度(Wk)可以定量地分析两者间的比值大小。本文通过极莫尔圆法和有限应变轴率Rs/石英c轴组构法对冈底斯岩浆带中段谢通门-曲水滑覆型韧性剪切带的运动学涡度进行了计算,两种方法获得了较为一致的结果。通过极莫尔圆法,对剪切带中的9组糜棱岩样品进行了运动学涡度计算,获得了Wk=0.73~0.96,平均值Wk=0.83。运用有限应变轴率Rs/石英c轴组构法对4个样品进行了分析,得到Wk=0.85~0.93,均值为0.88,两种方法获得了较为一致的应变结果。还根据极莫尔圆图解,计算了该韧性剪切带的减薄量S=0.09~0.35,平均减薄量为0.20。研究表明该韧性剪切带为典型的以简单剪切为主伴有部分纯剪切的一般剪切,该剪切带的形成可能与拉萨地体在中新世时从挤压到侧向伸展的转换有关。该剪切带变形特征和运动学涡度的确定深化了对藏南冈底斯地区的构造演化过程的理解,并对青藏高原中南部的地质研究具有推进作用。     

吉林省辉南县地质灾害调查与区划空间数据库的建设

辉南县地质灾害调查与区划空间数据库建设是以Mapgis6.0软件作为工作平台,利用"县(市)地质灾害调查与区划信息系统"软件将辉南县地质灾害调查成果数据进行采集、存储、管理、分析,为辉南县地质灾害防治规划工作提供依据。     

冻土三轴蠕变非线性数学模型研究

采用MTS-810液压伺服材料试验机, 对人工配制的冻黏土试件进行了三轴蠕变试验, 获得了冻黏土在复杂应力状态下的蠕变曲线. 结果表明: 冻土的蠕变变形具有较强的温度敏感性, 温度越高, 这种温度敏感性越强; 相同温度下, 荷载越大, 变形越大. 运用相关理论, 推导了冻黏土在复杂应力状态下的三轴蠕变非线性数学模型, 采用MATLAB软件的数据拟合功能得到了模型方程参数的数值, 模型参数与温度之间存在密切关系, 建立了二者之间的数学表达式. 冻土三轴蠕变非线性数学模型的曲线与试验曲线拟合精度较高, 建立的数学模型可以精确体现冻土的蠕变规律, 能够为实际冻土工程的变形发展预测提供有效的理论指导.     

Impact processing of chondritic planetesimals: Siderophile and volatile element fractionation in the Chico L chondrite

Abstract— A large impact event 500 Ma ago shocked and melted portions of the L‐chondrite parent body. Chico is an impact melt breccia produced by this event. Sawn surfaces of this 105 kg meteorite reveal a dike of fine‐grained, clast‐poor impact melt cutting shocked host chondrite. Coarse (1–2 cm diameter) globules of FeNi metal + sulfide are concentrated along the axis of the dike from metal‐poor regions toward the margins. Refractory lithophile element abundance patterns in the melt rock are parallel to average L chondrites, demonstrating near‐total fusion of the L‐chondrite target by the impact and negligible crystal‐liquid fractionation during emplacement and cooling of the dike. Significant geochemical effects of the impact melting event include fractionation of siderophile and chalcophile elements with increasing metal‐silicate heterogeneity, and mobilization of moderately to highly volatile elements. Siderophile and chalcophile elements ratios such as Ni/Co, Cu/Ga, and Ir/Au vary systematically with decreasing metal content of the melt. Surprisingly small (?10²) effective metal/silicate‐melt distribution coefficients for highly siderophile elements probably reflect inefficient segregation of metal despite the large degrees of melting. Moderately volatile lithophile elements such K and Rb were mobilized and heterogeneously distributed in the L‐chondrite impact breccias whereas highly volatile elements such as Cs and Pb were profoundly depleted in the region of the parent body sampled by Chico. Volatile element variations in Chico and other L chondrites are more consistent with a mechanism related to impact heating rather than condensation from a solar nebula. Impact processing can significantly alter the primary distributions of siderophile and volatile elements in chondritic planetesimals.