中国科学院地理研究所三十年(1953——1983)科研工作的回顾

本文对地理研究所三十年的科研工作进行了回顾。其中对科研工作的发展按四个时期作了简要分析。重点介绍了为生产和建设服务的工作,扼要总结了地理学基础理论研究方面的工作,最后阐述了实验技术的发展与新技术的应用。     

RADARSATSNBSAR数据在大面积水稻估产中的应用研究

由于雷达遥感的全天候、全天时的优势,使之成为南方大范围农业信息动态监测的最佳遥感手段。为了适宜于运行系统,本研究采用加拿大雷达卫星（RADARSAT）窄波扫描模式（SNB）数据,以广东省为例进行了大范围水稻估产。通过建立稻作图谱,解决了在地形复杂、农业集约化程度低、水稻田分布不规则,且地块间田间管理水平差异很大等诸多因素影响下的水稻信息提取问题;在野外观测站采集的水稻生长期生理生态数据的基础上,建立了基于RADARSAT SNB SAR的雷达遥感时序信息水稻估产模型。通过2000年早、晚两季水稻估产的实践证明,此模型估产的精度在平原区达到95％,而在复杂的丘岭谷地则需进一步提高图像预处理的精度,改进特殊地段估产模型的精度。从实用性而言,这是一套高效、经济的技术方法,易于投入实际运行阶段。     

社会主义宪法应该代表先进生产力的发展要求

根据“三个代表”的思想 ,社会主义宪法应该代表先进生产力的发展要求。中国的宪法发展说明 ,什么时候代表了中国先进社会生产力发展的要求 ,什么时候中国宪法就能健康发展     

Effect of near-fault earthquake on bridges: lessons learned from Chi-Chi earthquake

The objective of this paper is to describe the lessons learned and actions that have been taken related to the seismic design of bridge structures after the Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake. Much variable near-fault ground motion data was collected from the rupture of Chelungpu fault during the Chi-Chi earthquake, allowing the seismic response of bridge structures subjected to these near-fault ground motions to be carefully examined. To study the near-fault ground motion effect on bridge seismic design codes, a two-level seismic design of bridge structures was developed and implemented. This design code reflects the near-fault factors in the seismic design forces. Finally, a risk assessment methodology, based on bridge vulnerability, is also developed to assist in decisions for reducing seismic risk due to failure of bridges. Director of Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering. Supported by: the Science Council, Chinese Taipei, under grant no. SC 90-2211-E-002-028.     

基于“配料”的梅雨锋强降水预报方法

在梅雨锋暴雨预报中应用“配料法”，通过降水量的基本公式解释了强降水形成的基本配料，给出了建立配料的基本步骤，同时，通过一次暴雨个例分析，具体阐述了“配料法”在梅雨锋暴雨预报中的应用。结果表明，基于暴雨等强对流天气形成物理机理认识的基础上，所选取的可降水量等动力、热力因子与暴雨有着较好的对应关系，通过分析以上关键物理因子建立的过程，可以给出暴雨潜势预报。     

山区自动气象观测站防雷设计

针对多雷山区自动气象观测站的特点,对自动站的雷电防护工作进行了分析和研究,讨论了自动气象观测站防雷的两个重要问题对雷电"拦截"手段的理解以及接地网分设与合设的理解.提出将接闪器布置在自动气象观测站外围,内外圈地网严格分开的有效"拦截"方法;在对雷击有效"拦截"的基础上,再综合运用分流、均压、屏蔽、箝位等各项技术对系统设备进行全方位保护的设计思路.对于传感器通道的内外传输电缆线难以断开安装浪涌保护器(SPD)的问题,提出设计制作配套的输入输出端口、合成功能SPD的思路.在地线接好后,SPD安装时只需进行接口插拔,而无需断开缆线.     

Reduced-Dimensional Processing for Ground Moving Target Detection in Distributed Space-Based Radar

With multisatellite radar systems, several additional features are achieved: multistatic observation, interferometry, ground moving target indication (GMTI). In this letter, a new reduced-dimensional method based on joint pixels sum-difference (Sigma-Delta) data for clutter rejection and GMTI is proposed. The reduced-dimensional joint pixels Sigma-Delta data are obtained by the orthogonal projection of the joint pixels data of different synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images generated by a multisatellite radar system. In the sense of statistic expectation, the joint pixels Sigma-Delta data contain the common and different information among SAR images. Then, the objective of clutter cancellation and GMTI can be achieved by adaptive processing. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method even with clutter fluctuation and image coregistration errors     

基于ArcGIS的时空数据库的设计与实现

一般的数据库基本上不存储旧的、过时的数据，而时空数据库则包括任何历史数据，使数据库可以成为任何一个系统和部门的完整的电子信息档案库。本文通过基于ArcGIS基础空间数据库的建库，运用ArcGIS的历史归档机制，探索出一套时空数据库的设计与实现方案。     

土地开发整理项日管理信息系统建设

本文首先分析了我国土地开发整理的地位和现状,回顾了“十五”期间我国在土地开发整理方面做出的巨大的成绩,展望了“十一五”期间我国在土地整理工作上的投入力度和方向。在此基础上,对我国土地整理工作所采用的技术手段进行了分析,提出了实施土地开发整理工作的信息化是解决目前存在问题的有效措施,为了保证国家每年投资数十亿资金的土地开发整理项目从审查到实施各个环节的科学性和规范性,迫切要求充分利用计算机技术、网络通信技术和3S技术等先进手段加强项目的全程管理。接着,对“国家投资土地开发整理项目管理信息系统”从功能角度进行了详细的阐述,将系统划分为若干个子系统进行开发,并对一些子系统的功能进行了阐述。最后介绍了系统的应用情况。     

Heterogeneous mantle melting and magmatic processes at the East Pacific Rise (2.6–3.1°S): Evidence from mid-ocean ridge basalt geochemistry and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopes

ABSTRACT

We present the major and trace elements and Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopes in mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) from the East Pacific Rise (EPR) at 2.6–3.1°S. These samples are low-K tholeiites and show significant variation in their major element compositions (e.g. 4.60–8.18 wt% MgO, 8.34–12.12 wt% CaO, 9.78–14.25 wt% Fe₂O₃, and 0.06–0.34 K₂O wt%). Trace element abundances of the 2.6–3.1°S MORB are variably depleted (e.g. (La/Sm), _N = 0.51–0.78, Zr/Y = 2.35–3.42, Th/La = 0.035–0.056, and Ce/Yb = 2.38–3.96) but closely resemble the average N-MORB. In the compatible elements (Ni and Cr) against incompatible element Zr plots, the 2.6–3.1°S MORB show well-defined negative correlations, together with a liquid line of descent (LLD) modelling and petrographic observations, implying a significant role of olivine, plagioclase and clinopyroxene fractionation during magma evolution. When compared to global MORB and peridotites, the 2.6–3.1°S MORB and most of the other axial lavas from the South EPR show similar Zn/Fe, Zn/Mn, and Fe/Mn ratios, attesting to a peridotite-dominated mantle lithology. However, the relationships between incompatible trace element ratios, such as Zr/Rb and Nb/Sm, and the negative correlation between Zr/Nb and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr indicate a geochemically heterogeneous mantle source. The mantle beneath the South EPR likely consists of two components, with the enriched component residing as physically distinct domains (e.g. veins or dikes) in the depleted peridotite matrix. In the Sr–Nd–Pb isotope space, the South EPR MORB lie along the mixing lines between the depleted MORB mantle (DMM) and the ‘C’-like Pukapuka endmember. We infer that low-F melts derived from these enriched materials may cause localized mantle heterogeneity (veins or dikes) via an infiltration process. Subsequent melting of the refertilized mantle may impart an isotopically distinct characteristic to South EPR MORB.