土体工程地质层组的划分

工程地质岩组的划分是岩体质量评价的基础。当大型工程揭露土层很多时,进行土体工程地质层组的划分亦是十分必要的。它可以更为清晰的反映场地地质结构的变化规律,便于地质模型的概化和参数研究,有助于抓住主要工程地质问题进行评价,便于设计师的理解和应用。以南京地铁南北线一期工程为例,探讨了土体工程地质岩组的划分问题。通过以层组为基础的参数离散性统计、工程地质模型与工程地质问题的分析可以看出该层组划分方案的合理性与工程意义。     

广西一次飑线大风天气的成因和预警分析

本文利用常规探测资料、多普勒天气雷达资料、自动站观测资料等对2013年3月27-28日发生在广西的一次飑线大风天气过程进行跟踪及监测预警,对其大尺度环流背景、雷达回波特征以及灾害性大风形成原因进行了较为详细的分析与研究。结果表明:此次飑线过程是由高空冷槽与地面高压后部形势所引起的;假相当位温、T-logp图等分析表明广西上空具有较好的热力、动力条件;地面辐合线触发初始对流活动;发展成熟的飑线地面气压场上存在雷暴高压、飑前低压和飑后低压等中尺度特征;飑线大风等灾害性天气出现在地面高压前侧气压梯度大值区和飑线的断裂处;雷达图像上中层径向辐合、反射率因子核心和中层风速大值区逐渐降低以及垂直风廓线图中低层风的转变等特征信息对地面大风天气临近预警有较好的指示意义;降水粒子的拖曳作用和飑线的快速移动都对地面大风的产生及增幅有一定的作用。     

A comparison between the single ring pressure infiltrometer and simplified falling head techniques

Testing the relative performances of the single ring pressure infiltrometer (PI) and simplified falling head (SFH) techniques to determine the field saturated soil hydraulic conductivity, K_fs, at the near point scale may help to better establish the usability of these techniques for interpreting and simulating hydrological processes. A sampling of 10 Sicilian sites showed that the measured K_fs was generally higher with the SFH technique than the PI one, with statistically significant differences by a factor varying from 3 to 192, depending on the site. A short experiment with the SFH technique yielded higher K_fs values because a longer experiment with the PI probably promoted short‐term swelling phenomena reducing macroporosity. Moreover, the PI device likely altered the infiltration surface at the beginning of the run, particularly in the less stable soils, where soil particle arrangement may be expected to vary upon wetting. This interpretation was supported by a soil structure stability index, SSI, and also by the hydraulic conductivity data obtained with the tension infiltrometer, i.e. with a practically negligible disturbance of the sampled soil surface. In particular, a statistically significant, increasing relationship with SSI and an unsaturated conductivity greater than the saturated one were only detected for the K_fs data obtained with the PI. The SFH and PI techniques should be expected to yield more similar results in relatively rigid porous media (low percentages of fine particles and structurally stable soils) than in soils that modify appreciably their particle arrangement upon wetting. The simultaneous use of the two techniques may allow to improve K_fs determination in soils that change their hydrodynamic behaviour during a runoff producing rainfall event. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Testing the use of an image‐based technique to measure gully erosion at Sparacia experimental area

The first part of this investigation was aimed at testing the use of a three‐dimensional (3D) digital terrain model and a quasi‐tridimensional (2.5D) digital elevation model obtained by a large series of oblique images of eroded channels taken from consumer un‐calibrated and non‐metric cameras. For two closed earth channels having a different sinuosity, the ground measurement of some cross sections by a profilometer (P) was carried out and their real volume was also measured. The comparison among the three methods (3D, 2.5D, and P) pointed out that a limited underestimation of the total volume always occurs and that the 3D method is characterized by the minimum difference between measured and real volume. For this reason, 3D model can be used as benchmark. In the subsequent part of the investigation, the three ground measurement methods were applied for surveying of an ephemeral gully (EG) channel at the Sparacia area. The morphological and hydraulic variable values of the 24 surveyed cross sections determined by both 2.5D model and profilometer were compared. This comparison showed that the estimate error is generally less than ±10%. The EG measurements carried out by the three methods supported the applicability both of the empirical relationship between EG length and its eroded volume and the theoretical dimensionless relationship among the morphological variables describing the channelized erosion process. Finally, it was demonstrated that the effect of the distance interval on the EG volume measurement by 3D and 2.5D models is negligible for the investigated EG.     

A review of low‐cost space‐borne data for flood modelling: topography,flood extent and water level

During the last two decades, remote sensing data have led to tremendous progress in advancing flood inundation modelling. In particular, low‐cost space‐borne data can be invaluable for large‐scale flood studies in data‐scarce areas. Various satellite products yield valuable information such as land surface elevation, flood extent and water level, which could potentially contribute to various flood studies. An increasing number of research studies have been dedicated to exploring those low‐cost data towards building, calibration and evaluation, and remote‐sensed information assimilation into hydraulic models. This paper aims at reviewing these recent scientific efforts on the integration of low‐cost space‐borne remote sensing data with flood modelling. Potentials and limitations of those data in flood modelling are discussed. This paper also introduces the future satellite missions and anticipates their likely impacts in flood modelling. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Discussion of “Shear Strength of an Accumulation Soil from Direct Shear Test” by J. Wang,H. Zhang,H. Wen,and Y. Liang

According to the article named “Shear Strength of an Accumulation Soil from Direct Shear Test” by J. Wang, H. Zhang, H. Wen, and Y. Liang, this paper proposes a more reasonable expression to characterize shear strength in the original paper. The angle of shearing resistance is expressed by the combination of initial and incremental angles of shearing resistance, the relative compactions and water content were used to analyze the effects. The initial and incremental angles of shearing resistance are generally increasing with the increment of the relative compaction, increasing then decreases with the increment of the water content. The finial expressions which combined by the series of simulation equation was given to precisely predict the accumulation soil's angle of shearing resistance in relation to the relative compactions and water content.     

南京明城墙序贯PSInSAR形变估计

针对永久散射体PSInSAR（Persistent Scatterer SAR Interferometry）算法流程的局限性,本文立足差分雷达干涉预处理和时序微变反演性能提升,提出了一种基于优化解空间的PSInSAR序贯处理算法。该算法能够实现新SAR影像无缝嵌入,避免时序PSInSAR整体数据处理流程溯源,实现微变参数的准实时更新。研究以南京明城墙文化遗产及其200 m缓冲区赋存环境为示范,基于2015-01—2018-02的32景降轨Cosmo-SkyMed条带影像,开展传统PSInSAR方法与优化解空间PSInSAR序贯方法形变反演与性能对比研究。结果表明,基于解空间优化的PSInSAR序贯方法简化了差分干涉流程,通过解空间搜索机制和结构改进,降低了算法时空复杂度,实现了未知参数求解约10倍效率提升。通过形变场精度交叉验证,发现两种方法形变估计结果吻合（总体误差在0—1 mm）,证实了PSInSAR序贯方法的有效性与可靠性,并揭示其在遥感大数据时代文化遗产高精度、准实时微变监测中的应用潜力。     

利用CORS站研究多因子分季节可降水量转换模型

针对GNSS气象学中可降水量转换过程较为复杂的问题,利用2017年江苏CORS站及其并址探空数据,分析大气可降水量(PWV)与天顶对流层延迟(ZTD)、温度和气压之间的相关性,采用线性回归拟合法建立多因子分季节PWV模型,并用2017-2018年数据验证模型精度.结果表明PWV与ZTD有很强的线性相关性,相关系数为0.980 3,PWV与温度和气压有较强的相关性,相关系数分别为0.611 2和-0.613 6;全年PWV模型中,单、双、多因子模型的RMS分别为2.88、1.70和0.49 mm,精度依次提高;多因子PWV模型中,分季节PWV模型较全年PWV模型的RMS分别提高0.23、0.20、0.18和0.37 mm,精度明显优于全年模型.因此,多因子分季节PWV模型预测精度优于1 mm,满足GNSS监测水汽的气象应用精度要求.     

GRAPES-MESO模式浅对流参数化的改进与试验

参考Berg 等2005、2013年提出的扰动对流触发函数方法,对GRAPES-Meso模式积云对流参数化方案(KF eta)中的浅对流激发进行改进设计和试验,将单一的温、湿度触发改为对近地层进行一组温度、湿度扰动后的触发,并且用与该组扰动相关的边界层温、湿度分布确定的联合概率密度函数(JPDF)来表征浅对流云的特征参量及计算浅对流的强度。 着重分析了改进方案的浅对流激发、浅对流对环境场的反馈、模式地面降水和2 m气温的相关响应等,并与原方案和相关观测比较,验证了改进方案的合理性。 结果显示,改进方案比原方案能较早地激发出浅对流,且浅对流的激发频次高,浅对流激发的增加致使在模式低层距地数百米至2—3 km的垂直层内对环境温、湿度场和云雨水反馈增大,对GRAPES-Meso浅对流激发偏弱有改进作用,并对格点尺度与次网格尺度降水分配比不协调有改进。 对连续两个月批量试验的检验表明,浅对流激发的改进,可对GRAPES-Meso的24 h降水预报技巧的提高和2 m气温偏差的减小等产生不同程度的正影响。