Comparison of PM2.5 and CO2 Concentrations in Large Cities of China during the COVID-19 Lockdown

Estimating the impacts on PM_2.5pollution and CO₂emissions by human activities in different urban regions is important for developing efficient policies.In early 2020,China implemented a lockdown policy to contain the spread of COVID-19,resulting in a significant reduction of human activities.This event presents a convenient opportunity to study the impact of human activities in the transportation and industrial sectors on air pollution.Here,we investigate the variations in air quality attributed to the COVID-19 lockdown policy in the megacities of China by combining in-situ environmental and meteorological datasets,the Suomi-NPP/VIIRS and the CO₂emissions from the Carbon Monitor project.Our study shows that PM_2.5concentrations in the spring of 2020 decreased by 41.87%in the Yangtze River Delta(YRD)and 43.30%in the Pearl River Delta(PRD),respectively,owing to the significant shutdown of traffic and manufacturing industries.However,PM_2.5concentrations in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH)region only decreased by 2.01%because the energy and steel industries were not fully paused.In addition,unfavorable weather conditions contributed to further increases in the PM_2.5concentration.Furthermore,CO₂concentrations were not significantly affected in China during the short-term emission reduction,despite a 19.52%reduction in CO₂emissions compared to the same period in 2019.Our results suggest that concerted efforts from different emission sectors and effective long-term emission reduction strategies are necessary to control air pollution and CO₂emissions.     

基于事件触发机制的一类非严格反馈非线性系统的自适应神经网络追踪控制

基于事件触发机制,研究了一类非严格反馈非线性系统的自适应神经网络追踪控制问题.结合反步技术、神经网络和事件触发机制,提出了一种自适应神经网络控制方案,减少了数据传输量并减轻了控制器和执行器之间的传递负担,保证了输出信号尽可能地追踪到参考信号,同时使得闭环系统的所有信号有界.此外,通过避免芝诺现象保证了所提事件触发机制的可行性.最后,给出一个例子验证了所提出策略的有效性.     

Book Reviews

Regular grid sampling structures in the plane are a common spatial framework for many studies. Constructing grids with desirable properties such as equality of area and shape is more difficult on a sphere. We studied the distortion characteristics of recursive partitions of the surface of the globe starting with the octahedron and icosahedron polyhedral models. We used five different methods for mapping from the polyhedral model to the surface of the sphere: the Gnomonic projection, Fuller's Dymaxion projection, Snyder's equal area polyhedral projection, direct spherical subdivision, and a recursive polyhedral projection. We increased partition density using both a 4-fold and a 9-fold ratio at each level of recursive subdivision by subdividing to the 8th level with the 4-fold density ratio (65 536 cells per polyhedral face) and to the fifth level with the 9-fold density ratio (59 049 cells per polyhedral face). We measured the area and perimeter of each cell at each level of recursion for each method on each model using each density ratio. From these basic measurements we calculated the range and standard deviation of the area measurement, and the mean, range, and standard deviation of a compactness measurement defined as the ratio of (the ratio of the perimeter to the area of the cell) to (the ratio of the perimeter to the area of a spherical circle with the same area). We looked at these basic measurements and their statistics using graphs of variation with recursion level, sums of squares analyses of variation, histograms of the distributions, maps of the spatial variation, and correlograms. The Snyder projection performed best in area distortion and the Gnomonic projection performed best in compactness distortion. The Fuller projection and the Sphere method had moderate distortion in both area and compactness relative to the worst methods. There was little difference in distortion performance between partitions using the 4-fold density ratio and those using the 9-fold density ratio. Partitions based on the icosahedron performed better for all statistics than those based on the octahedron.     

百喜草治理对退化红壤生态系统碳库及分配的影响

侵蚀退化红壤植被恢复后生态系统碳库变化的研究对全面认识生态恢复的作用以及碳汇经营具有重要意义．试验地位于福建省长汀县河田镇,本文以采用种植百喜草治理侵蚀退化地上典型“小老头”马尾松林（百喜草治理地）为对象,以相邻的未治理地为对照,研究生态系统及其各个分室碳库的变化．结果表明：侵蚀地种植百喜草治理后生态系统、乔木层及土壤层碳库均显著（P〈0．05）或极显著（P〈0．01）高于对照地,分别是对照的2．32倍、5．23倍和1．81倍．乔木层各器官碳贮量均显著高于对照地（P〈0．05）,其中树干碳贮量增量最大．与对照地土壤相比,表层0—20em土壤碳贮量增量高达5．84t·hm^-2,同时土壤深层（20～100cm）碳库增量（6．04t·hm^-2）与其相当．对照地的土壤碳库占生态系统碳库的比例为70．88％,而百喜草治理地的土壤碳库所占比例下降至55．28％,表明侵蚀地种植百喜草治理后生态系统碳库分配趋于合理．因此,从森林碳汇与可持续经营角度出发,种植百喜革治理侵蚀退化红壤是一项可行有效的措施．     

钻杆内螺纹接头摩擦热裂原因探讨

钻杆内螺纹接头摩擦热裂失效事故随着近年来深井、超深井和水平井等复杂工况井的增加而时有发生,已成为钻杆内螺纹接头失效的一种重要形式。本文对钻杆内螺纹接头摩擦热裂纹的宏观失效形式,微观断面特征和材料组织相变特征进行了分析,从钻杆接头受力,钻杆接头材料进行了失效机理研究,并从钻杆使用,材料性能和表面处理等方面提出了预防失效的建议和措施。     

白豹地区延长组长81储层成岩作用与成岩相研究

利用铸体薄片、扫描电镜、X-衍射、物性分析、高压压汞等分析化验资料,对白豹地区长81储层成岩作用和成岩相进行了分析研究。白豹地区长81储层砂岩经历了早成岩阶段A、B期和中成岩阶段A、B期的成岩演化过程,主要发育机械压实、胶结、溶蚀及交代成岩作用。其中压实作用和胶结作用是孔隙度降低的主要原因,分别造成了18.6%和13.3%的原生孔隙度损失,溶蚀作用形成的次生孔隙在一定程度改善了储层物性。研究区发育了5种不同成因类型的成岩相带,绿泥石膜胶结粒间孔相物性、含油性最好,为研究区最有利的成岩相带;水云母胶结粒间孔相为次有利成岩相带;长石溶蚀相也为研究区比较有利的成岩相带;压实压溶致密相和碳酸盐胶结致密相不利于储层发育。     

国华通辽风电场三期工程梁板式桩筏基础性状数值分析

风力发电作为发展最快的新型能源之一,得到越来越多的关注,耦合荷载作用下风机基础的优化设计成为一个重要的问题。首先对商业有限元的计算精度以及对耦合荷载的模拟能力进行验证,在该基础上对国华通辽风电场梁板式桩筏基础进行模拟分析,重点讨论在耦合荷载作用下梁板式基础管桩、肋梁和环梁的受力和变形特性,并将有限元计算得出的基础构件内力与规范设计方法计算结果进行对比分析。与此同时,分析风机基础桩土分担比,研究耦合荷载作用下土体的承载作用。计算结果可为实际工程的设计提供参考依据。     

贞丰竹林堡石林景观特征及其美学价值探讨

在实地调研收集资料的基础上, 论述了贞丰竹林堡石林的地质背景、成景条件以及景观特征, 并对其美学价值进行了探讨。竹林堡石林位于早三叠世奥伦期相变带上, 是贵州三叠纪喀斯特石林的重要代表, 具有表观形态美、空间结构美、景观组合美等美学特征, 新发现的"新双乳峰"物质组成与原双乳峰同为安顺组白云岩, 是竹林堡石林不可分割的有机整体。      

基于NoSQL的海量空间数据云存储与服务方法

近年来,实现海量空间数据高效地存储管理和在线服务,成为地学信息科学领域日益关注的热点问题。本文根据矢量和栅格空间数据的不同特点,提出并实现了矢量栅格数据一体化的海量空间数据分布式云存储管理与访问服务方案,在海量矢量数据存储和处理中创新性引入分布式图数据库Neo4J和并行图计算框架。在三层式空间数据云存储架构基础上,给出NoSQL数据库技术的栅格和矢量数据云存储的实现策略与方法,并开展了通用数据访问接口的设计。采用分布式文件系统HDFS存储栅格数据,并使用列族数据库HBase对其建立分布式空间索引,及采用满足ACID约束的分布式图数据库Neo4J来存储矢量数据,并使用R树建立空间索引。在自主研发的地理知识云平台GeoKSCloud框架下,初步实现了核心组件-空间数据聚合中心(GeoDAC)软件,可为各类用户提供空间数据分布式存储管理和访问服务。通过搭建试验床,开展GeoDAC与开源GIS软件PostGIS在矢量数据读写访问性能方面的对比测试。结果表明,虽然GeoDAC没有获得写入性能的加速作用,但其具有PostGIS无法比拟的强大读取性能。GeoDAC将海量数据经过空间分割后分布在集群上,能够并行处理查询请求,极大地提高空间查询速度,具有广阔的应用前景。     

基于TM数据的黄河三角洲地区植被覆盖度提取

以TM遥感影像为数据源,利用ENVI软件,基于像元二分模型,用归一化植被指数(NDVI)定量提取1992年、2000年和2004年黄河三角洲的植被覆盖度,获取了植被覆盖度分级图。并对该地区的植被覆盖情况做了分析。结果表明:提取三时相植被覆盖度与实际情况基本相符,说明利用基于像元二分模型的植被指数法近似估算植被覆盖度的可行性。