水分对米槠天然林土壤有机碳矿化和微生物群落的影响

通过室内设置30%~80%WHC(Water holding capacity,土壤持水量,WHC)土壤含水量水平,研究土壤含水量变化对亚热带米槠天然林土壤有机碳矿化和微生物群落的影响。试验包括3种处理,处理1:干湿交替处理(30%~80%WHC交替);处理2:恒干处理(30%WHC);处理3:恒湿处理(80%WHC)。研究结果表明:1)整个培养过程,CO2排放速率均呈现波动式下降。湿润期CO2累积量显著高于干旱期CO2累积量,并且随着交替次数的增加,湿润期与干旱期CO2累积值之差逐渐增大。2)采用因子分析法得出干湿交替并不影响土壤真菌和革兰氏阳性菌群落结构,但对土壤放线菌和革兰氏阴性菌的群落有较大影响。     

基于吸收边界条件的瞬变电磁法三维矢量有限元快速正演

瞬变电磁法的三维有限元正演通常采用齐次边界条件,为满足该边界条件,需要构建较大尺寸的模型,这降低了正演问题的求解速度.针对该问题,本文采用吸收边界条件代替齐次边界条件,以缩小模型体积,加快正演速度:首先,从时间域麦克斯韦方程组出发,推导了基于库伦规范的矢量势的微分控制方程,结合一阶吸收边界条件推导了相应的的弱形式方程;在此基础上采用一阶四面体矢量单元进行单元分析、Newmark法进行时间离散,实现了瞬变电磁法的快速三维正演.通过均匀半空间模型的解析解,H型地电断面的CR1Dmod解和相应模型有限元解的对比,验证了本文算法的正确性.均匀半空间模型分别采用吸收边界条件和齐次边界条件的正演结果对比表明:吸收边界条件确实可以提高三维正演的精度或者缩小模型尺寸、加快计算速度.     

钢渣在海洋中无机固碳行为及其应用

钢渣是钢铁生产过程中的副产物,是一种放错的资源。钢渣投放在水体中可显著提升水体pH值,并能吸收大量的CO₂。为了解钢渣投放在海洋中可能引起的pH变化及其无机固碳能力,本研究考察了不同粒径、钢渣含量、初始pH及是否扰动等条件下钢渣/海水的pH变化特征和固碳能力。结果表明,不同条件下的钢渣/海水体系,随着浸泡时间的延长,浸出液pH初期都快速升高,后期趋于平缓,且钢渣粒径越小、投入钢渣含量越多及外加振荡作用,都可使浸出液pH提升;同时,浸出液能维持的pH水平对钢渣/海水体系固碳效率影响较大,而钢渣粒径的大小是钢渣固碳能力的最直接影响因素。本工作结果还表明,在实海环境中投放一定量的钢渣有助于预防局部水体酸化,并起到固碳减排的目的。     

Comparison of PM2.5 and CO2 Concentrations in Large Cities of China during the COVID-19 Lockdown

Estimating the impacts on PM_2.5pollution and CO₂emissions by human activities in different urban regions is important for developing efficient policies.In early 2020,China implemented a lockdown policy to contain the spread of COVID-19,resulting in a significant reduction of human activities.This event presents a convenient opportunity to study the impact of human activities in the transportation and industrial sectors on air pollution.Here,we investigate the variations in air quality attributed to the COVID-19 lockdown policy in the megacities of China by combining in-situ environmental and meteorological datasets,the Suomi-NPP/VIIRS and the CO₂emissions from the Carbon Monitor project.Our study shows that PM_2.5concentrations in the spring of 2020 decreased by 41.87%in the Yangtze River Delta(YRD)and 43.30%in the Pearl River Delta(PRD),respectively,owing to the significant shutdown of traffic and manufacturing industries.However,PM_2.5concentrations in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH)region only decreased by 2.01%because the energy and steel industries were not fully paused.In addition,unfavorable weather conditions contributed to further increases in the PM_2.5concentration.Furthermore,CO₂concentrations were not significantly affected in China during the short-term emission reduction,despite a 19.52%reduction in CO₂emissions compared to the same period in 2019.Our results suggest that concerted efforts from different emission sectors and effective long-term emission reduction strategies are necessary to control air pollution and CO₂emissions.     

基于事件触发机制的一类非严格反馈非线性系统的自适应神经网络追踪控制

基于事件触发机制,研究了一类非严格反馈非线性系统的自适应神经网络追踪控制问题.结合反步技术、神经网络和事件触发机制,提出了一种自适应神经网络控制方案,减少了数据传输量并减轻了控制器和执行器之间的传递负担,保证了输出信号尽可能地追踪到参考信号,同时使得闭环系统的所有信号有界.此外,通过避免芝诺现象保证了所提事件触发机制的可行性.最后,给出一个例子验证了所提出策略的有效性.     

Book Reviews

Regular grid sampling structures in the plane are a common spatial framework for many studies. Constructing grids with desirable properties such as equality of area and shape is more difficult on a sphere. We studied the distortion characteristics of recursive partitions of the surface of the globe starting with the octahedron and icosahedron polyhedral models. We used five different methods for mapping from the polyhedral model to the surface of the sphere: the Gnomonic projection, Fuller's Dymaxion projection, Snyder's equal area polyhedral projection, direct spherical subdivision, and a recursive polyhedral projection. We increased partition density using both a 4-fold and a 9-fold ratio at each level of recursive subdivision by subdividing to the 8th level with the 4-fold density ratio (65 536 cells per polyhedral face) and to the fifth level with the 9-fold density ratio (59 049 cells per polyhedral face). We measured the area and perimeter of each cell at each level of recursion for each method on each model using each density ratio. From these basic measurements we calculated the range and standard deviation of the area measurement, and the mean, range, and standard deviation of a compactness measurement defined as the ratio of (the ratio of the perimeter to the area of the cell) to (the ratio of the perimeter to the area of a spherical circle with the same area). We looked at these basic measurements and their statistics using graphs of variation with recursion level, sums of squares analyses of variation, histograms of the distributions, maps of the spatial variation, and correlograms. The Snyder projection performed best in area distortion and the Gnomonic projection performed best in compactness distortion. The Fuller projection and the Sphere method had moderate distortion in both area and compactness relative to the worst methods. There was little difference in distortion performance between partitions using the 4-fold density ratio and those using the 9-fold density ratio. Partitions based on the icosahedron performed better for all statistics than those based on the octahedron.     

百喜草治理对退化红壤生态系统碳库及分配的影响

侵蚀退化红壤植被恢复后生态系统碳库变化的研究对全面认识生态恢复的作用以及碳汇经营具有重要意义．试验地位于福建省长汀县河田镇,本文以采用种植百喜草治理侵蚀退化地上典型“小老头”马尾松林（百喜草治理地）为对象,以相邻的未治理地为对照,研究生态系统及其各个分室碳库的变化．结果表明：侵蚀地种植百喜草治理后生态系统、乔木层及土壤层碳库均显著（P〈0．05）或极显著（P〈0．01）高于对照地,分别是对照的2．32倍、5．23倍和1．81倍．乔木层各器官碳贮量均显著高于对照地（P〈0．05）,其中树干碳贮量增量最大．与对照地土壤相比,表层0—20em土壤碳贮量增量高达5．84t·hm^-2,同时土壤深层（20～100cm）碳库增量（6．04t·hm^-2）与其相当．对照地的土壤碳库占生态系统碳库的比例为70．88％,而百喜草治理地的土壤碳库所占比例下降至55．28％,表明侵蚀地种植百喜草治理后生态系统碳库分配趋于合理．因此,从森林碳汇与可持续经营角度出发,种植百喜革治理侵蚀退化红壤是一项可行有效的措施．     

钻杆内螺纹接头摩擦热裂原因探讨

钻杆内螺纹接头摩擦热裂失效事故随着近年来深井、超深井和水平井等复杂工况井的增加而时有发生,已成为钻杆内螺纹接头失效的一种重要形式。本文对钻杆内螺纹接头摩擦热裂纹的宏观失效形式,微观断面特征和材料组织相变特征进行了分析,从钻杆接头受力,钻杆接头材料进行了失效机理研究,并从钻杆使用,材料性能和表面处理等方面提出了预防失效的建议和措施。     

白豹地区延长组长81储层成岩作用与成岩相研究

利用铸体薄片、扫描电镜、X-衍射、物性分析、高压压汞等分析化验资料,对白豹地区长81储层成岩作用和成岩相进行了分析研究。白豹地区长81储层砂岩经历了早成岩阶段A、B期和中成岩阶段A、B期的成岩演化过程,主要发育机械压实、胶结、溶蚀及交代成岩作用。其中压实作用和胶结作用是孔隙度降低的主要原因,分别造成了18.6%和13.3%的原生孔隙度损失,溶蚀作用形成的次生孔隙在一定程度改善了储层物性。研究区发育了5种不同成因类型的成岩相带,绿泥石膜胶结粒间孔相物性、含油性最好,为研究区最有利的成岩相带;水云母胶结粒间孔相为次有利成岩相带;长石溶蚀相也为研究区比较有利的成岩相带;压实压溶致密相和碳酸盐胶结致密相不利于储层发育。     

国华通辽风电场三期工程梁板式桩筏基础性状数值分析

风力发电作为发展最快的新型能源之一,得到越来越多的关注,耦合荷载作用下风机基础的优化设计成为一个重要的问题。首先对商业有限元的计算精度以及对耦合荷载的模拟能力进行验证,在该基础上对国华通辽风电场梁板式桩筏基础进行模拟分析,重点讨论在耦合荷载作用下梁板式基础管桩、肋梁和环梁的受力和变形特性,并将有限元计算得出的基础构件内力与规范设计方法计算结果进行对比分析。与此同时,分析风机基础桩土分担比,研究耦合荷载作用下土体的承载作用。计算结果可为实际工程的设计提供参考依据。