Potential Impacts of Proposed Chenglingji Hydraulic Project on Wetlands in Dongting Lake

Water level fluctuation of is an important ecological character of lakes in monsoon climate zone.It is the key driver to seasonal change of the wetlands and associated habitats,which provide vital inhabiting conditions for different species in summer and winter,or,wet season and dry season.Due the hydrologic regime changes in the recent years after the operation of Three Gorges Dam,in 2012,the government of Hunan province proposed Chenglingji Hydraulic Project,aiming at water level control in dry season at Chenglingji,where the outlet of Dongting Lake located.Through different operations on water retreat process,five scenarios on the water level control from 21 m to 24 m were set in the plan.The potential ecological impacts of the project are under enormous public concern.To analyze potential impacts from different scenarios of water level control on the wetlands,this paper studied the topography of Dongting Lake bed and wetlands in dry season,by using Digital Elevation Model(DEM)and 15 images from HJ satellite and 1 image from Landsat TM.The wetlands at water levels of 19 m to 27 m were analyzed.The study revealed that there were 4 terrain steps on Dongting Lake bed from the West Dongting Lake to East Dongting Lake.Water level control at Chenglingji would increase area of open water in East Dongting Lake and Hengling Lake areas,while its effect on South Dongting Lake and West Dongting Lake areas due to higher terrain was weaker.Particularly,the area percentages of South Dongting Lake area did not change with water level fluctuation,due to its 2 elevation steps.The area percentages of various types of the wetlands in Dongting Lake area during the processes of water level rising and retreating were quite different,even in the relatively close water level interval.The retreating area of open water in autumn was larger than that during the spring flooding.The 23 m was the key water level,a turning point of the area change of the wetlands in Dongting Lake area.Areas of open water,mudflat,meadows and their percentages changed significantly at water levels above 23 meters,with increasing of open water area and shrinking of meadow area,their areas would decrease 30 000 ha.As the key habitats for wintering geese,the area of meadows was from near 70 000 ha to 10 000 ha.Among 5 scenarios,the impact of the scenario at 21 m elevation on wetlands was the weakest.However,water level dropping was still postponed than that of natural hydrological process in the scenarios.It resulted in longer inundation of large area of lakebed at elevation of 22-23 m,increasing habitats for aquatic biodiversity but reducing area of the meadows,where is the key habitat for wintering geese.All the other water level control scenarios would cause large area of inundation of lakebed in dry season and dramatic change of wetlands.To maintain the natural wetlands in Dongting Lake area,the Chenglingji Hydraulic Project should be considered in a more cautious way and further researches were needed on the response of aquatic biodiversity and wintering water birds.     

Airborne Observations of Cloud Condensation Nuclei Spectra and Aerosols over East Inner Mongolia

A set of vertical profiles of aerosol number concentrations, size distributions and cloud condensation nuclei(CCN)spectra was observed using a passive cloud and aerosol spectrometer(PCASP) and cloud condensation nuclei counter, over the Tongliao area, East Inner Mongolia, China. The results showed that the average aerosol number concentration in this region was much lower than that in heavily polluted areas. Monthly average aerosol number concentrations within the boundary layer reached a maximum in May and a minimum in September, and the variations in CCN number concentrations at different supersaturations showed the same trend. The parameters c and k of the empirical function N = c S~kwere 539 and1.477 under clean conditions, and their counterparts under polluted conditions were 1615 and 1.42. Measurements from the airborne probe mounted on a Yun-12(Y12) aircraft, together with Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model backward trajectories indicated that the air mass from the south of Tongliao contained a high concentration of aerosol particles(1000–2500 cm~(-3)) in the middle and lower parts of the troposphere. Moreover, detailed intercomparison of data obtained on two days in 2010 indicated that the activation efficiency in terms of the ratio of NCCNto N_a(aerosols measured from PCASP) was 0.74(0.4 supersaturations) when the air mass mainly came from south of Tongliao, and this value increased to 0.83 on the relatively cleaner day. Thus, long-range transport of anthropogenic pollutants from heavily polluted mega cities,such as Beijing and Tianjin, may result in slightly decreasing activation efficiencies.     

温湿结构对南海低压发展影响的数值模拟研究

本文对比分析了两个南海热带低压,其中一个在24小时内发展为台风,而另一个不发展。通过几个改变初始场温、湿结构的数值试验的对比分析,指出低压区的温、湿结构对低压发展起着很重要的作用。中低层有深厚的高湿层存在,以及中低层有暖心存在,都有利于低压的发展加强,反之,中低层湿度较小或湿层较浅,以及暖心在高层而中低层无暖心,都不利于低压发展加强。同时,温、湿结构对低压发展的影响,可能主要是通过影响条件不稳定层的深浅和强弱,以及影响中低层的水汽能量供应,导致对流的发展趋势发生变化来实现的。最后指出,南海低压的发展对低压区的温度和湿度变化很敏感。      

高温下花岗岩断裂特性的研究

本文介绍了室温到300℃温度范围内的花岗岩试件的三点弯曲断裂试验和圆柱体试件的单轴压缩试验。给出了花岗岩的断裂韧度 KIC,单轴抗压强度 fp,弹性横量 E 等力学参数随温度和加温速率变化的试验结果。这些试验结果表明,花岗岩以≤2℃/min 的加温速度缓慢加热到150℃时,断裂韧度将取得最大值,它约为室温值的1.14倍,虽然它的单轴抗压强度是随着温度的升高而递减的。另外,还用电镜和光学显徽镜的观察结果说明了温度对花岗岩断裂过程的影响。     

气象仪器维修经验浅谈

1电原理图的绘测先准备1张白纸,纸的大小以对折后比线路板稍大一点。将纸对开,覆在线路板的焊接面上,用手仔细地轻轻按压,让各个焊点上的元件引脚穿透白纸,使所有的焊点都在纸上留下清晰的痕迹。然后取下白纸,将其展开,并使白纸的第一面与线路板焊接面相对应,用来画印制板图;使与其相对的第二面,与线路板元件面对应,用来画元件布局。另外,再找1张白纸:参照2张图纸,严格按照各元件的连接关系,把各元件的代号、接线方向,以原理图的画法画在第二张纸上。这样得到的可能是比较乱的原理图。此时应仔细核对各元件的连接关系,确定无误后,如果电路比…     

深部地震资料的处理和解释方法

深部地震资料的处理类似于油气地震资料,但也有其自身的一些特点。在水平叠加处理前后,分别使用强有力的去噪和归位处理技术是获取高质量深部地震剖面的保证。在深地震时间剖面上,强能量条带的分布是大地构造格架的反映。综合测区重磁电等物化探资料进行解释,有利于提高解释精度和进一步探讨造山带的构造演化     

厄尔尼诺海区海温季节预测比较

利用奇异值分解方法建立多项线性统计气候预测模型,对厄尔尼诺海区各季节海温进行了短期气候预测试验,并采用历史资料独立样本检验的方法,评定不同预报时效的预报技巧。结果表明,不同海区各季节的预报效果相差很大。赤道西太平洋（ Ｎｉｎｏ ４区）有最高的可预报性,在夏季末做冬季海温预报的技巧最高,多数条件下,这个区域的预报性能比较稳定。以海温和南方涛动指数作因子场的预报效果最好,大部分预报以单季的海温和南方涛动指数为预报因子效果较好,但有些预报以连续２季或３季的海温和南方涛动指数作预报因子的预报效果更好。     

长乐—诏安断裂带活动特征与继承性活动

对长乐－诏安断裂带的新、老断裂构造不同时期的活动规律及地震活动特征进行了分析,结果表明,该断裂在晚第四纪时期以继承性活动为特征,并表现出南强北弱的特点。     

太湖流域昆承湖春季颗粒物和有色可溶性有机物吸收特性

利用2010年4月23日在昆承湖采集的水体吸收系数数据,对总悬浮物颗粒物、浮游植物色素颗粒物、非色素颗粒物和有色可溶性有机物的吸收特征进行研究.结果表明,春季昆承湖水体除675 nm附近具有叶绿素吸收峰的红光波段外,非色素颗粒物吸收系数大于浮游植物色素颗粒物吸收系数,总颗粒物吸收系数光谱分布与非色素颗粒物的吸收光谱类似...     

组合式刚塑带加筋土强度的理论分析与试验验证

根据试验结果和理论研究,推导得到水平向与环向组合式刚塑带加筋土的强度表达式,并考虑筋材强度的发挥和筋土比例,随后进行详细讨论分析。研究表明,组合式刚塑带加筋土的黏聚力有很大的提高,如果环内含有草根,则形成二次加筋作用,其强度会进一步提高。用文中所推导出的强度公式得到的计算曲线与试验曲线吻合较好,最大误差在5.1%以内,同时加筋材料强度的发挥在1%~7.5%。最后对加筋土强度指标进行分析,研究发现组合式刚塑带加筋土的黏聚力增大了2.75~5.35倍,内摩擦角最大提高了21.7%;而水平向刚塑带加筋土、环向刚塑带加筋土的黏聚力分别增大了0.5~2.767倍、0.732~3.417倍,而它们内摩擦角则增加不多,最大增加了2.2°。综合考虑认为,“4环+3水平”组合加筋形式的加筋效果最好,其次是“2环+4水平”组合加筋形式。在实践中,可参照以上两种加筋形式进行边坡、地基加固修复等。