长江流域月降水的时空变化及其与AO/NAO的时滞相关分析

运用旋转经验正交函数(REOF)和交叉小波变换方法,分析了长江流域1960—2012年月降水的时空分布特征及其与AO/NAO的时滞相关关系。结果表明:(1)长江流域月降水异常分布的局域特征明显,可划分为4个主要的空间异常型:两湖平原型、东南丘陵型、西南型及北方型;(2) 4个主要的空间异常模态的累计贡献率达45. 8%,其中REOF1(18. 9%)的正异常区位于巫山及两湖平原地区;东南丘陵一带为REOF2(12. 3%)的正值中心,REOF3(8. 9%)突出了云贵高原北部和四川盆地南部的正异常区; REOF4(5. 7%)的负值中心处于四川盆地北部及其以北地区。这4个模态的时间系数(RPCk)的变化幅度较大,且其位相均呈不规则的正负交替,表明各降水异常区具有复杂的时间演变特征;(3) 4个主要异常模态与AO、NAO在特定时间尺度皆存在显著相关的现象,巫山及两湖平原地区、四川盆地北部及其以北地区的月降水均对AO表现出及时响应;东南丘陵一带的月降水对AO、NAO的最佳滞后响应时间都较长。     

Estimation of the Aerosol Radiative Effect over the Tibetan Plateau Based on the Latest CALIPSO Product

Based on the CALIPSO (Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation) Version 4.10 products released on 8 November 2016, the Level 2 (L2) aerosol product over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is evaluated and the aerosol radiative effect is also estimated in this study. As there are still some missing aerosol data points in the daytime CALIPSO Version 4.10 L2 product, this study re-calculated the aerosol extinction coefficient to explore the aerosol radiative effect over the TP based on the CALIPSO Level 1 (L1) and CloudSat 2B-CLDCLASS-LIDAR products. The energy budget estimation obtained by using the AODs (aerosol optical depths) from calculated aerosol extinction coefficient as an input to a radiative transfer model shows better agreement with the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) and CloudSat 2B-FLXHR-LIDAR observations than that with the input of AODs from aerosol extinction coefficient from CALIPSO Version 4.10 L2 product. The radiative effect and heating rate of aerosols over the TP are further simulated by using the calculated aerosol extinction coefficient. The dust aerosols may heat the atmosphere by retaining the energy in the layer. The instantaneous heating rate can be as high as 5.5 K day^–1 depending on the density of the dust layers. Overall, the dust aerosols significantly affect the radiative energy budget and thermodynamic structure of the air over the TP, mainly by altering the shortwave radiation budget. The significant influence of dust aerosols over the TP on the radiation budget may have important implications for investigating the atmospheric circulation and future regional and global climate.     

四川盆地一次极端大风天气过程成因及预报着眼点分析

利用常规观测资料、FY-2E卫星云图、多普勒雷达产品、闪电定位资料、自动气象站资料等,分析了2015年4月4日傍晚到夜间发生在四川盆地的极端大风天气过程。分析指出:本次雷暴大风过程是由冷锋对暖湿气团的强迫抬升及干冷空气进入暖湿区域触发形成.中空干层、大的温度直减率、高低空急流耦合区、低层温度脊附近是利于极端雷暴大风出现的潜势区域。该区域为雷暴形成提供了条件不稳定、水汽、动力抬升等有利环境条件。冷空气首先从盆地西北部中低层入侵,在低层切变线上触发生成了一系列雷暴单体,在最有利于对流发展的潜势区域迅速发展。潜势区域中线状回波北段的中尺度涡旋环流、前侧入流和后侧入流的相互作用形成单体弓形回波,该弓形回波具有比普通雷暴更高的反射率因子、垂直液态含水量.根据雷达回波演变特征推断,本次极端大风是由单体弓形回波带来的湿下击暴流所导致。弓形回波中高反射率因子的高度连续下降意味着下沉气流伴随降水粒子下降,干空气被夹卷进入下沉气流使得雨滴被迅速蒸发,大大加强了下沉气流强度,因而显著增加了大风强度。分析还指出:通过分析对流发展背景条件,确定最有利对流发展的潜势区域,关注该区域中回波的生成、形态特点、演变特征,可提前预警大风天气。     

2017年7月昭通冰雹天气分析

本文利用NCEP再分析资料、宜宾和威宁探空资料、昭通多普勒天气雷达观测资料对2017年7月昭通出现的冰雹灾害天气进行统计分析,结果表明出现的冰雹天气具有以下几个主要特征：1)冰雹的发生与西太平洋副热带高压、青藏高压有紧密的联系; 2)在干入侵、上干下湿、湿层深厚这三种中低空配置下昭通都可能会出现冰雹天气;3)订正到14时后的对流有效位能比08时的更具指示意义;4)冰雹云的最大回波强度在55dBz以上,回波顶高达到10km以上,风暴顶高超过回波顶高的70%,最大单体垂直液态含水量值在14 kg/m₂以上。     

Analysis of the Water Environmental Capacity of Zhongba-Nyingchi Section of the Yarlung Tsangpo River

The Yarlung Tsangpo River, the longest river in Tibet, houses most of the population and economy in Tibet Autonomous province. Under the rapid development of economy and society in Tibet, the pollution in the Yarlung Tsangpo River basin has rapidly increased. Evaluating water quality and water environmental capacity is needed for water resource management in Tibet. This study used a single factor evaluation method to evaluate water quality of the Zhongba-Nyingchi section of the Yarlung Tsangpo River based on measured data of COD_Cr, NH3-N and TP in the study area. Based on these data, determinations of ideal water environmental capacity, emissions of pollutants and remaining water environmental capacity of the study area were made by a one-dimensional steady water quality model under either section-head control or cross-section control. The data indicate that most of the monitoring sections in the study area experienced good water quality. The three pollutants all had large remaining water environmental capacity generally, but TP exceeded state levels in the two upstream functional areas, and levels above state standards of COD_Cr and TP were found in several calculation cells of the two downstream functional areas. Therefore, emissions of pollutants need to be reduced to protect the water environment quality of the Yarlung Tsangpo River.     

柴北缘地区天然气40Ar/36Ar特征及其地质意义

测试并分析了柴北缘各油气田的14个天然气样品的氦、氩稀有气体同位素比值,并进行了气源对比。研究发现,柴北缘天然气40Ar/36Ar值分布在951～1712,平均1098,多数样品40Ar/36Ar较通常认为源于侏罗系的天然气40Ar/36Ar明显偏高,研究认为本区不存在幔源高40Ar/36Ar流体的介入,储层年代效应也不可能造成天然气40Ar/36Ar明显偏高,因此柴北缘天然气40Ar/36Ar明显偏高,主要是由于源岩年代积累效应引起的。据估算,气源岩年龄分布范围为164.7～460.8Ma,平均为345.1Ma,可能多数来源于石炭系。这一认识得到了柴北缘广泛分布有石炭系源岩和已发现源于石炭系原油的支持。柴北缘石炭系天然气的发现预示了柴北缘石炭系是一个新的油气勘探层系,从而拓展了柴北缘天然气勘探领域。     

尼泊尔地区季节性水文负荷对地震活动性的调制作用

利用尼泊尔地区GPS时间序列季节性信号,构建区域季节性三维位移场和应力应变场模型,再结合降水和地震目录等数据,研究该地区季节性水文负荷对地震活动性的调制作用。结果表明：1）季节性地表位移与降水存在较强的时空相关性;2）季风期的降水对断层的长期运动趋势产生扰动,使库仑应力得到一定程度的释放,进而对地震活动产生抑制作用,并影响地震发生时间。     

CO2流体对岩屑长石砂岩改造作用的实验

通过密闭容器中CO2-H2O-砂岩体系相互作用实验,研究了不同温度和压力下CO2流体对岩屑长石砂岩成分的改造。反应后溶液中总矿化度的变化、样品质量的损失及扫描电镜(SEM)的观察结果表明:长石、方解石和石英的溶蚀强度随温度的升高而增大,CO2流体对岩屑长石砂岩的溶蚀作用与温度正相关;同时通过扫描电镜观察发现,200℃和300℃时样品表面均有一种未知的铝硅酸盐矿物生成,并通过反应液的pH值及各种离子浓度的变化解释了CO2流体-砂岩相互作用过程中矿物溶解、沉淀的机制。     

Sedimentology and architecture of the Douglas Creek terminal splay,Lake Eyre,central Australia

Douglas Creek terminal splay, sited on the western shoreline of Lake Eyre North, central Australia, covers a surface area of approximately 4 km² with a down‐system length of 2·5 km from the distributary channels terminus to the splay fringe. Two distributary channels feed two sediment lobes which have amalgamated to form the terminal splay. Three primary facies associations have been identified sub‐dividing the creek terminus into distributary channel, proximal and distal splay sections. Proximal splay sediments are characterized by erosionally based, relatively thick (> 100 mm), stacked sheets of coarse to medium sand which commonly display trough and planar cross‐bedding, whereas the distal splay is characterized by thin (generally < 50 mm) massive beds of very fine sand, silt and clay. The change in splay sedimentology is interpreted as reflecting the transition from bedload‐dominated deposition to suspended load‐dominated deposition from decelerating sheetfloods as they spread out from the channel onto the dry lake bed. A proximal to distal splay transition zone is also noted where deposits of both facies associations interfinger laterally and vertically. In scale, geometry and facies associations, the Douglas Creek terminal splay is very different to the often cited Neales terminal splay complex located 70 km to the north. It is suggested that these architectural differences reflect variations in discharge volume, input sediment distribution and the degree of vegetation cover. Understanding the variation in terminal splay architecture has very significant implications for the modelling of analogous subsurface petroleum systems, which at present relies on few modern‐day analogues.     

闽西北加里东期混合岩及花岗岩的成因:同变形地壳深熔作用

本文选取闽西北前寒武纪变质基底中的混合岩和花岗岩为研究对象,以探讨两者之间的成因联系.详细的岩石学和主量、微量元素地球化学以及锆石U-Pb年代学研究表明,闽西北混合岩是同变形地壳深熔作用的产物,基底变质岩中的黑云母在较低温(约800℃)、H2O不饱和的条件下发生脱水熔融反应产生熔体,构造变形作用在熔体的分离和迁移过程中起到了重要作用.闽西北基底变质岩可能为形成混合岩和花岗岩的源岩,其深熔产生的初始熔体发生结晶分异作用,堆晶产物形成了混合岩的浅色体,而残余熔体继续演化形成花岗岩.混合岩和相关花岗岩形成基本同时,其成岩年龄为437～441Ma.它们均为华南加里东期构造热事件的产物.