利用卫星得到的辐射强度梯度与对流层上部或平流层下部的风的关系

1.引言经验证实,利用卫星得到的辐射强度场的梯度可以确定对流层中、上部的气流结构,对确定这些高度上的急流强度和急流轴位置特别有价值。例如Brodrick(1978)证明了在中纬度,辐射强度梯度与300毫巴风场有很好的对应关系。由图1(根据Brodrick的分析改制)可见,在30～50°N范围,美国北部上空,300毫巴急流轴与辐射强度梯度较大值的位置很一致。但是,由图1也可看出,在60°N附近,最强的辐射强度梯度与300毫巴急流轴并不相关。本文对使用辐射强度梯度确定对流层上部急流最大值的位置的部分成果作了解释。利用一个与     

南菲(阿扎尼亚)巴伯顿绿岩带南部太古宙花岗岩层的地质和构造演化

为了确定在德兰士瓦德腊肯悬崖(2200Ma元古宙克拉通内部盖层)以东的太古宙花岗岩—绿岩区中发现的广泛岩石类型的性质和构造演化,在巴伯顿南部和西南地区进行了连续调查。在超过2500平方公里的地区进行了区域的和详细的普查,揭露有许多花岗岩类和与其共存的大量绿岩捕虏体,后者一直向南扩张到很远的南非巴伯顿绿岩带。像以前描述的,绿岩捕虏体由与翁韦瓦克特群最下部岩石组合相同的岩石类型组成,构成南非最老     

对澳大利亚南极地带安德拜极地早前寒武系的地壳演化和地质年龄评论

安德拜(Enderby)极地的早期前寒武系克拉通(纳皮尔杂岩),如同其他太古宙克拉通一样,也被较年轻的活动带包围。但是它与众所熟知的花岗岩—绿岩克拉通被高级麻粒岩相片麻岩包围为特征的区域情况不同。安德拜极地克拉通的热力构造特征和复杂类型与编录良好的西格陵兰太古宙地层具有明显的相似性。在安德拜极地,发育良好的水平层理和平行强烈压扁及伸长的LS组构是称之为伏     

局地强风暴:观念与认识

一.概述早期对于雷暴的认识主要是根据肉眼观测结果推导出来的。由于缺乏适合探测雷暴内部结构的工具,使雷暴发展机制的研究遇到重重困难。到了二十世纪四十年代,随着气象雷达和气象飞机的发展,获得了关于上升气流,下沉气流,降水类型以及风暴单体发展过程等的初步定量资料。在五十年代,由于广泛地应用雷达,发展雷暴在诱发机制不出现的情况下仍可出现较强的高空风切变,而且风暴向环境风的左方或右方移动,可以维持几个小时。于是,更加清楚地认识到雷暴与其周围环境相互作用的复杂性。六十年代,通过特殊的     

一次造成30万人死亡的热带气旋

这份材料提出了一个值得注意的现象,即在沿海地区一次台风或强大风暴发展所造成的灾害,除直接和该天气系统的强度和发展情况有关外,与当地当时的地形条件及各种潮汐情况(特别是大潮)也有很大的联系(当然,社会制度不同对受灾程度的影响是一个决定的因素)。我国海岸线长,沿海地形复杂,预报工作在监视和预报台风之类灾害天气时,尤应考虑到这方面的因素。     

Use of Surface Observations to Estimate Upper Air Humidity for the Objective Analysis of Relative Humidity over Indian Region

In the present study objective analyses of relative humidity (RH) at surface and at the levels of 850,700 and 500 hPa have been made using Gandin’s (1963) optimum interpolation scheme. As the horizontal resolution of the radiosonde stations is rather inadequate for upper air humidity analysis, a scheme has been developed, following Rasmussen (1982) to estimate the upper air RH from the surface observations like surface RH, present weather and cloud cover. The relative humidities at the levels 850, 700 and 500 hPa were related to the surface observations through three separate regression relations. The RH values at 850, 700 and 500 hPa levels were estimated from the surface RH, cloud coverage and present weather using the above regression relations and subsequently the objective analyses at 00 GMT for the period from 4 July to 8 July 1979, were made using these estimated data along with the observed radiosonde data. Objective analyses were also made for the same period using only the radiosonde data for comparison to study the impact of those estimated data. Root mean square errors were computed for all the five days by interpolating RH at the observing stations from the objectively analysed field and comparing them with the actually observed RH to examine how best the analyses (with and without estimated data) fitted the observations. Lastly they were compared with satellite cloud pictures. This study shows that the estimated upper air RH values have positive impact on the analysis of upper air RH and could be used over radiosonde date sparse region and even over oceanic regions.     

Relations between integrated and monochromatic luminosities of flat-spectrum radio quasars

We employ a sample of 362 flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) to calculate their integrated luminosities by integrating the spectral energy distribution (SED) constructed with multi-band (radio,IR,optical,UV and X-ray) data.We compare these luminosities with those estimated from monochromatic luminosities by multiplying them by the conventional bolometric correction factors.Our analysis shows that the integrated luminosities calculated from the SED are much larger than the bolometric luminosities estimated ...     

Testing alternative ground water models using cross-validation and other methods

Many methods can be used to test alternative ground water models. Of concern in this work are methods able to (1) rank alternative models (also called model discrimination) and (2) identify observations important to parameter estimates and predictions (equivalent to the purpose served by some types of sensitivity analysis). Some of the measures investigated are computationally efficient; others are computationally demanding. The latter are generally needed to account for model nonlinearity. The efficient model discrimination methods investigated include the information criteria: the corrected Akaike information criterion, Bayesian information criterion, and generalized cross-validation. The efficient sensitivity analysis measures used are dimensionless scaled sensitivity (DSS), composite scaled sensitivity, and parameter correlation coefficient (PCC); the other statistics are DFBETAS, Cook's D, and observation-prediction statistic. Acronyms are explained in the introduction. Cross-validation (CV) is a computationally intensive nonlinear method that is used for both model discrimination and sensitivity analysis. The methods are tested using up to five alternative parsimoniously constructed models of the ground water system of the Maggia Valley in southern Switzerland. The alternative models differ in their representation of hydraulic conductivity. A new method for graphically representing CV and sensitivity analysis results for complex models is presented and used to evaluate the utility of the efficient statistics. The results indicate that for model selection, the information criteria produce similar results at much smaller computational cost than CV. For identifying important observations, the only obviously inferior linear measure is DSS; the poor performance was expected because DSS does not include the effects of parameter correlation and PCC reveals large parameter correlations.