Cosmic-ray-produced53Mn in thirty-one meteorites

Cosmic-ray-produced⁵³Mn (t_½ = 3.7 × 10⁶years) has been determined by neutron activation analysis in twenty-two chondrites including three Antarctic meteorites: Yamato-7301 (j), -7305 (k) and -7304 (m).⁵³Mn was also measured in four mesosiderites, three iron meteorites, Bencubbin (unique) and Udei Station (iron with silicate inclusions). In addition, preliminary results for¹⁰Be (1.6 × 10⁶ years) were obtained in the Yamato meteorites using a low-background needle GM counter. Based on published values of rare gas ages, corrections were made for undersaturation; the average specific saturation activities of⁵³Mn were found in the range 450 ± 90dpm⁵³Mn/kg Fe in most of the chondrites and 490 ± 75dpm⁵³Mn/kg Fe in the mesosiderites. Two meteorites had extremely low contents of⁵³Mn: 102 ± 6 in Yamato-7301 and 48 ± 3dpm⁵³Mn/kg Fe in Bondoc. The Bondoc mesosiderite was already known to have a low concentration of cosmogenic radionuclides due to its large pre-atmospheric size. Several possible mechanisms are discussed to explain the low⁵³Mn activity in Yamato-7301: (1) long terrestrial age of about 7 m.y.; (2) low production rate of⁵³Mn due to heavy pre-atmospheric shielding (>70cm); (3) multi-stage irradiation history resulting in an undersaturation of⁵³Mn; and (4) a mechanism in which two or three of the above factors are combined. The ratio of⁵³Mn production rate in Ni to that in Fe has been estimated to be 1/3, based on the measurements of⁵³Mn in the metallic and silicate phases of St. Séverin meteorite, as well as on published results of some high-energy bombardment experiments.     

Rupture process of the Miyagi-Oki,Japan, earthquake of June 12, 1978

The faulting mechanism and multiple rupture process of the M = 7.4 Miyagi-Oki earthquake are studied using surface and body wave data from local and worldwide stations. The main results are as follows. (1) P-wave first motion data and radiation patterns of long-period surface waves indicate a predominantly thrust mechanism with strike N10° E, dip 20°W, and slip angle 76°. The seismic moment is 3.1 × 10²⁷ dyne-cm. (2) Farfield SH waveforms and local seismograms suggest that the rupture occurred in two stages, being concordant with the two zones of aftershock activity revealed by the microearthquake network of Tohoku University. The upper and lower zones, located along the westward-dipping plate interface, are separated by a gap at a depth of 35 km and have dimensions of 37 × 34 and 24 × 34 km², respectively. Rupture initiated at the southern end of the upper aftershock zone and propagated at N20°W subparallel to the trench axis. About 11 s later, the second shock, which was located 30 km landward (westward) of the first, initiated at the upper corner of the lower aftershock zone and propagated down-dip N80°W. Using Haskell modelling for this rupture process, synthetic seismograms were computed for teleseismic SH waves and nearfield body waves. Other parameters determined are: seismic moment $\text{M}{}_0\text{= 1.7 × 10}{}^{27}\text{dyne-cm, slip dislocation}\text{u}\text{= 1.9}\text{m}\text{, Δσ = 95}\text{bar, rupture velocity}\text{ν = 3.2}\text{km s}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}\text{,}\text{rise time}\text{τ = 2}\text{s}$, for the first event; $\text{M}{}_0\text{= 1.4 × 10}{}^{27}\text{dyne-cm}\text{,}\text{u}\text{= 2.4}\text{m}\text{, Δσ = 145}\text{bar}$, for the second event; and time separation between the two shocks ΔT = 11 s. The above two-segment model does not explain well the sharp onsets of the body waves at near-source stations. An initial break of a small subsegment on the upper zone, which propagated down-dip, was hypothesized to explain the observed near-source seismograms. (3) The multiple rupture of the event and the absence of aftershocks between the two fault zones suggests that the frictional and/or sliding characteristics along the plate interface are not uniform. The rupture of the first event was arrested, presumably by a region of high fracture strength between the two zones. The fracture energy of the barrier was estimated to be 10¹⁰ erg cm^?2. (4) The possible occurrence of a large earthquake has been noted for the region adjacent to and seaward of the area that ruptured during the 1978 event. The 1978 event does not appear to reduce the likelihood of occurrence of this expected earthquake.     

Optimum strong-motion array geometry for source inversion

Optimum strong-motion array geometry for source inversion is quantitatively determined for each of three types of earthquake faults: strike—slip, dip-slip and offshore subduction thrust. The estimation is done by using the source inversion method^1,2 previously developed and based on Wolberg's prediction analysis.³ Only the far-field S waves are taken into account in source inversion; we test only the ability to estimate seismic moments of subfault elements. A comparison of the optimum array geometries obtained in this study with the ones proposed on the basis of an empirical judgment at the 1978 International Workshop on Strong-Motion Earthquake Instrument Arrays⁴ shows that the Workshop geometries are not the best ones as far as source studies are concerned. The most preferable array involves two different kinds of stations regardless of the target fault type: stations close to the fault and aligned parallel to its strike, and stations surrounding the fault area with good azimuthal coverage. The former stations resolve the later stage of the rupturing process while the latter stations resolve the earlier stage.     

洪湖沉积物的磁性特征及其环境意义

以洪湖沉积物为研究对象,通过对Hh01-2(B)孔岩芯磁参数的测量发现在岩芯所代表的时间段内洪湖沉积物磁化率呈现了明显的四个主阶段变化;频率磁化率变化与磁化率变化具有较好的相关性,亚铁磁性矿物的变化主导了沉积物磁化率的变化.同时结合年代、孢粉分析以及参考相关历史记载资料,发现磁化率高值段对应湖水动力强、湖面较宽、气候较湿润,而磁化率低值段对应湖水动力弱、湖面较小、气候偏干旱.从而得出了洪湖沉积物磁参数曲线波峰和波谷分别对应洪湖在历史上曾经历了扩张和收缩、气候温湿和冷干的旋回.     

Superposition of replacements in the mafic granulites of the Jijal complex of the Kohistan arc, northern Pakistan: dehydration and rehydration within deep arc crust

A deep-level crustal section of the Cretaceous Kohistan arc is exposed in the northern part of the Jijal complex. The occurrence of mafic to ultramafic granulite-facies rocks exhibits the nature and metamorphic evolution of the lower crust. Mafic granulites are divided into two rock types: two-pyroxene granulite (orthopyroxene+clinopyroxene+plagioclase±quartz [1]); and garnet–clinopyroxene granulite (garnet+clinopyroxene+plagioclase+quartz [2]). Two-pyroxene granulite occurs in the northeastern part of the Jijal complex as a relict host rock of garnet–clinopyroxene granulite, where the orthopyroxene-rich host is transected by elongated patches and bands of garnet–clinopyroxene granulite. Garnet–clinopyroxene granulite, together with two-pyroxene granulite, has been partly replaced by amphibolite (hornblende±garnet+plagioclase+quartz [3]). The garnet-bearing assemblage [2] is expressed by a compression–dehydration reaction: hornblende+orthopyroxene+plagioclase=garnet+clinopyroxene+quartz+H₂O↑. Subsequent amphibolitization to form the assemblage [3] is expressed by two hydration reactions: garnet+clinopyroxene+plagioclase+H₂O=hornblende+quartz and plagioclase+hornblende+H₂O=zoisite+chlorite+quartz. The mafic granulites include pod- and lens-shaped bodies of ultramafic granulites which consist of garnet hornblendite (garnet+hornblende+clinopyroxene [4]) associated with garnet clinopyroxenite, garnetite, and hornblendite. Field relation and comparisons in modal–chemical compositions between the mafic and ultramafic granulites indicate that the ultramafic granulites were originally intrusive rocks which dissected the protoliths of the mafic granulites and then have been metamorphosed simultaneously with the formation of garnet–clinopyroxene granulite. The results combined with isotopic ages reported elsewhere give the following tectonic constraints: (1) crustal thickening through the development of the Kohistan arc and the subsequent Kohistan–Asia collision caused the high-pressure granulite-facies metamorphism in the Jijal complex; (2) local amphibolitization of the mafic granulites occurred after the collision.     

1200a来洪湖演变的环境磁学记录

对取自洪湖的 140cm沉积物样芯进行了环境磁学测量,分析了所获得的环境磁学参数随深度变化的曲线,结果表明,沉积物磁性特征由稳定单畴(SSD)和细粘滞性 (FV)亚铁磁性矿物所主导,磁性矿物颗粒由下至上粒径逐渐减小。结合AMS测年和地球化学分析,可以推断出洪湖在 1200a来经历了沼泽沉积和湖相沉积。并且磁性特征的变化与气候的变化大致对应:磁性参数较大值对应着冷干的气候条件;水热条件增强时,磁性参数值下降。较好记录了湖泊随气候的扩张和缩小过程,同时也反映了人类活动的影响。