动态构建福建紫金山铜金矿矿体模型

为了将不同边界品位情况下矿体的形态及由边界品位变化引起的矿体形态变化程度在计算机中动态、实时地展现,同时也为了解矿体在不同工业指标条件下的空间形态,进行了矿体动态建模方法研究。采用了一种新的、基于矿体属性模型向其几何结构模型转化的方法--克里格块体法。通过该方法,基于指示克里格估值技术,使用块体模型＋实体模型的三维数据模型结构,动态地构建出了福建上杭紫金山铜金矿矿体在不同边界品位条件下、信息充分、完备且具高可信度的矿体模型,达到了使建模结果能够真正服务于矿山勘探和生产实践的效果。该方法具有一定的可扩展和易推广的性质,能够完成大多数类似矿山及类似地质体的动态建模过程。     

建筑物侧面轮廓线约束的高分辨率遥感影像建筑物高度估算方法

针对现有利用阴影长度法提取建筑物高度时存在的阴影间相互遮挡问题,提出了一种基于建筑物侧面轮廓线进行建筑物高度估算的新方法。首先,利用RPC模型计算建筑物像点位移的方向与卫星成像角度,再将遥感影像进行旋转,使建筑物像点位移沿水平方向;然后,利用Canny算法进行轮廓检测,并构建一定长度的矩形形态学结构元素,对轮廓图像进行形态学开运算,以提取侧面轮廓线,再利用Hough变换与建筑物角点约束,对所提取的轮廓线进一步筛选;最后,根据卫星侧视成像时建筑物高度与像点位移的几何关系进行建筑物的高度估算。利用实际的高分辨率卫星影像对本文方法进行了验证,并与阴影法估算建筑物高度进行了对比。试验结果证明,利用建筑物侧面轮廓线进行建筑物高度估算平均误差可以达到0.7 m,且实际精度优于使用阴影法进行建筑物高度估算。     

Efficient Bayesian sensor placement algorithm for structural identification: a general approach for multi‐type sensory systems

In this paper, a Bayesian sequential sensor placement algorithm, based on the robust information entropy, is proposed for multi‐type of sensors. The presented methodology has two salient features. It is a holistic approach such that the overall performance of various types of sensors at different locations is assessed. Therefore, it provides a rational and effective strategy to design the sensor configuration, which optimizes the use of various available resources. This sequential algorithm is very efficient due to its Bayesian nature, in which prior distribution can be incorporated. Therefore, it avoids the possible unidentifiability problem encountered in a sequential process, which starts with small number of sensors. The proposed algorithm is demonstrated using a shear building and a lattice tower with consideration of up to four types of sensors. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effect of initial data in adjusting conditional observations

Summary In the introduction the effect of neglecting the accuracy of the initial data is mentioned in adjusting conditional observations, because this essentially causes the accuracy of the adjusted quantities to be overrated. The effect of changes (errors) of the initial data is investigated for two cases: a) when the initial data are given, unmeasured quantities; b) when the initial data are given and measured quantities which form the conditions of adjustment (e.g., gyrotheodolite directional angles). This effect was rejected in a change of the corrections, in the vrst case according to (14), and in the second according to (18). The effect of the changes (errors) of the initial data was also investigated with regard to the matrix of the co-factors of the adjusted quantities. This matrix, taking into account the errors of the initial data described by matrixQww, and the errors of the measurements themselves, described by matrix (26), is expressed by (31).Dedicated to 90th Birthday of Professor Frantiek Fiala     

The effects of spatial autoregressive dependencies on inference in ordinary least squares: a geometric approach

There is a common belief that the presence of residual spatial autocorrelation in ordinary least squares (OLS) regression leads to inflated significance levels in beta coefficients and, in particular, inflated levels relative to the more efficient spatial error model (SEM). However, our simulations show that this is not always the case. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to examine this question from a geometric viewpoint. The key idea is to characterize the OLS test statistic in terms of angle cosines and examine the geometric implications of this characterization. Our first result is to show that if the explanatory variables in the regression exhibit no spatial autocorrelation, then the distribution of test statistics for individual beta coefficients in OLS is independent of any spatial autocorrelation in the error term. Hence, inferences about betas exhibit all the optimality properties of the classic uncorrelated error case. However, a second more important series of results show that if spatial autocorrelation is present in both the dependent and explanatory variables, then the conventional wisdom is correct. In particular, even when an explanatory variable is statistically independent of the dependent variable, such joint spatial dependencies tend to produce “spurious correlation” that results in over-rejection of the null hypothesis. The underlying geometric nature of this problem is clarified by illustrative examples. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of some possible remedies for this problem.     

Volles Gewicht einer im Refraktionsmilieu gemessenen Grösse (Teil I)

Summary As regards the concept of complete weight p with which an observed quantity (e.g., the direction of theA–G net) should enter the net adjustment, according to Eq.(1), apart from the fundamental weight p ₀ ), determined by the number of repetitions, it should also contain the time parameter p_t according to Eq.(11), where c>1 is a constant, and t is the number of days of observation, and also the refraction factor p_r according to Eqs(17, 18), where q is the structural weight of the direction. The condition for being able to determine p_r with the directions is observation by means of the three-directional vertex method[2], because it is not possible to localize lateral refraction by angular methods. The theory of complete weight is in favour of observations with a high fundamental weight p ₀ which automatically yield higher values of t, and also of p_t. The introduction of the complete weight into the experimental directional net in Fig. 2 caused the mean value of the uneliminated refraction error to decrease from 0.24 to 0.12, the mean square error of the adjusted direction being 0.17. The value of the constant c was investigated and the method of determining the parameter p_r was derived also for lengths measured electro-optically. Mention is made of the effect of complete weights on the length adjustment of a net in[6].     

Chinese progress in geomorphometry

Geomorphometry, the science of digital terrain analysis (DTA), is an important focus of research in both geomorphology and geographical information science (GIS). Given that 70% of China is mountainous, geomorphological research is popular among Chinese scholars, and the development of GIS over the last 30 years has led to significant advances in geomorphometric research. In this paper, we review Chinese progress in geomorphometry based on the published literature. There are three major areas of progress: digital terrain modelling methods, DTA methods, and applications of digital terrain models (DTMs). First, traditional vector- and raster-based terrain modelling methods, including the assessment of uncertainty, have received widespread attention. New terrain modelling methods such as unified raster and vector, high-fidelity, and real-time dynamic geographical scene modelling have also attracted research attention and are now a major focus of digital terrain modelling research. Second, in addition to the popular DTA methods based on topographical derivatives, geomorphological features, and hydrological factors extracted from DTMs, DTA methods have been extended to include analyses of the structure of underlying strata, ocean surface features and even socioeconomic spatial structures. Third, DTMs have been applied to fields including global climate change, analysis of various typical regions, lunar surface and other related fields. Clearly, Chinese scholars have made significant progress in geomorphometry. Chinese scholars have had the greatest international impact in areas including high-fidelity digital terrain modelling and DTM-based regional geomorphological analysis, particularly in the Loess Plateau and the Tibetan Plateau regions.     

复用回采巷道护巷煤柱合理宽度研究

为解决高瓦斯工作面双U型巷道布置中煤柱损失大、相邻工作面复用回采巷道维护困难的难题,综合采用理论分析、数值计算和现场试验的方法,研究得到煤柱宽度对相邻两工作面之间煤柱内复用巷道围岩应力分布和变形特征的影响规律：随着巷道一侧煤柱宽度的增加,巷道围岩垂直应力峰值向一侧移动,并逐渐远离巷道;当巷道一侧煤柱较小时,巷道以窄煤柱帮变形和顶板下沉为主,随着煤柱宽度增加,底鼓增大并成为巷道主要变形。以煤柱内应力峰值比值为指标,分析煤柱宽度与巷道稳定性的关系,并将不同宽度煤柱进行了稳定性分区。研究成果成功应用于工程实践,为类似条件下巷道布置提供依据。