大地热流--影响西部环境与生态演变的重要自然因素

世界各地生态环境的优劣与区域大地热流的高低有密切关系。一般认为“生态系统的来源于太阳福射”。但是,太阳辐射的昼夜反差很大,季节变化明显,区域生态系统必须随这种能源供应的显波动,其生物的多样性将受到限制,区域生态系统必然变得比较脆弱,对人类活动影响的随能力非常有限。大地热流比值较高的地区,大地热流成为驱动区域生态体系发育演化的重要能源。这种能源比较稳定,对生物发育的限制要少得多,其生物多样性比较丰富,区域生态系统比较稳健,对人类活动的影响有较大的随能力。研究大地热流对西部生态环境退化的影响和机理,将为西部地区的环境、生态建设及管理决策提供科学依据。     

河北雄安新区建设的区域地表本底特征与生态管控

河北雄安新区建设对于实施京津冀协同发展战略及有机疏解北京非首都功能、优化区域空间格局,提升京津冀城市群生态系统服务和改善人居环境具有重要意义。本文基于多期遥感图像、土地利用/覆盖变化数据、生态系统服务评估数据以及高精度城市地表信息等专题数据集,从雄安新区建设涉及的京津冀城市群区域背景和规划区覆盖范围两个层面揭示了新区建设的区域地表本底状态,并提出了相应的生态保护与管控建议。结论表明：京津冀城市群正呈现建设用地快速扩张以及由此导致的下垫面不透水地表高密度连绵集聚式态势,城镇用地和城市不透水地表较2000年分别增长了1.27倍和1.43倍,且接近15%的子流域水生态系统健康状况受到不透水地表的严重影响。雄安新区建设涉及的雄县、容城、安新三县以农田、乡镇及农村聚落和水域及湿地生态系统为主,其开发建设应围绕实现疏解北京非首都功能为目标,适度控制人口、产业规模,建设宜居生态健康城市。规划初期,应将其纳入国家海绵城市建设试点范畴,参照国际低影响度开发模式,加强城市绿色基础设施建设。基于当前下垫面特征,前期规划应考虑构建新区与保定、北京和天津城市之间的绿化生态斑块和生态廊道;新区内建设用地不透水地表整体比例应控制在60%之内,核心区不超过70%。新区建设过程中需确立“以水定城”理念,在新区基础设施建设、供排水方面充分考虑雨水收集和循环利用。     

基于DEA方法的地质灾害风险管理研究——以广州萝岗区崩塌灾害为例

以对地质灾害隐患点进行风险评价和管理为目的,选择灾害易发程度、受威胁人口数、威胁基础设施的数量和等级为评价指标,利用数据包络分析方法(DEA)中的CCR模型对位于广州市萝岗区的崩塌地质灾害隐患点的风险大小进行排序和分组,并对结果的合理性进行验证分析.研究表明,运用DEA方法的CCR模型并选择合理的评价指标对地质灾害风险...     

Tidal Asymmetry Changes in a Shallow Mud Estuary by a Restoration Project

The tidal asymmetry-induced siltation below tidal barriers is a worldwide problem that restricts regional socio-economic and environmental development. The hydrodynamic processes of the small mud estuary also feature a high uncertainty after estuary restoration measures. In this study, a hydrodynamic model based on the MIKE21 is used to quantify the responses of tidal asymmetry to a two-phase restoration project in Shuanglong Estuary, Bohai Bay, China. According to the numerical modeling results, the tidal flat removal in the upper estuary(first-phase restoration) induces the flood asymmetry switching to the ebb asymmetry in unrestored reach but enhances flood asymmetry in widening restored reach. Although the tidal asymmetry reverts to flood-dominated pattern after full restoration over the estuary, the imbalance between flood and ebb velocities is relieved. A possible net sediment transport pattern based on a comparison of dominant asymmetric current and actual sediment transport period shows net sediments in the upper estuary and inlet transport seaward and landward, respectively, in the first-phase restoration, whereas landward net sediment transport occurs in the whole estuary under the second-phase restoration scenario. Given these results, we assume that a switch from the flood-dominated estuary to ebb-dominated estuary can be caused by redesigning the cross-sectional profile. The quantitative comparison of Lagrangian residual currents also implies that a channel–shoal structure rather than a flat bathymetry can promote the mass transport. Therefore, reshaping the channel–tidal flat system in restoration projects can prevent the sedimentation of the estuary and improve the water environment.     

Spatiotemporal characteristics,patterns, and caus-es of land-use changes in China since the late 1980s

Land-use/land-cover changes (LUCCs) have links to both human and nature interactions. China's Land-Use/cover Datasets (CLUDs) were updated regularly at 5-year intervals from the late 1980s to 2010,with standard procedures based on Landsat TM\ETM+ images. A land-use dynamic regionalization method was proposed to analyze major land-use conversions. The spatiotemporal characteristics,differences,and causes of land-use changes at a national scale were then examined. The main findings are summarized as follows. Land-use changes (LUCs) across China indicated a significant variation in spatial and temporal characteristics in the last 20 years (1990-2010). The area of cropland change decreased in the south and increased in the north,but the total area remained almost unchanged. The reclaimed cropland was shifted from the northeast to the northwest. The built-up lands expanded rapidly,were mainly distributed in the east,and gradually spread out to central and western China. Woodland decreased first,and then increased,but desert area was the opposite. Grassland continued decreasing. Different spatial patterns of LUC in China were found between the late 20th century and the early 21st century. The original 13 LUC zones were replaced by 15 units with changes of boundaries in some zones. The main spatial characteristics of these changes included (1) an accelerated expansion of built-up land in the Huang-Huai-Hai region,the southeastern coastal areas,the midstream area of the Yangtze River,and the Sichuan Basin;(2) shifted land reclamation in the north from northeast China and eastern Inner Mongolia to the oasis agricultural areas in northwest China;(3) continuous transformation from rain-fed farmlands in northeast China to paddy fields;and (4) effectiveness of the "Grain for Green" project in the southern agricultural-pastoral ecotones of Inner Mongolia,the Loess Plateau,and southwestern mountainous areas. In the last two decades,although climate change in the north affected the change in cropland,policy regulation and economic driving forces were still the primary causes of LUC across China. During the first decade of the 21st century,the anthropogenic factors that drove variations in land-use patterns have shifted the emphasis from one-way land development to both development and conservation.The "dynamic regionalization method" was used to analyze changes in the spatial patterns of zoning boundaries,the internal characteristics of zones,and the growth and decrease of units. The results revealed "the pattern of the change process," namely the process of LUC and regional differences in characteristics at different stages. The growth and decrease of zones during this dynamic LUC zoning,variations in unit boundaries,and the characteristics of change intensities between the former and latter decades were examined. The patterns of alternative transformation between the "pattern" and "process" of land use and the causes for changes in different types and different regions of land use were explored.     

沿黄三大城市群城市网络结构演化特征与驱动因素

基于2000—2020年全行业企业总部-分支关系大数据,融合社会网络分析、多维邻近、空间分析等方法,从节点类型、层级关联、社区划分及影响因素4个方面揭示了沿黄三大城市群城市网络空间格局、时空演化及其驱动因素。研究发现：(1)城市网络节点强度空间极化显著并具有层级性。山东半岛城市群网络结构发育最成熟,一、二层级城市占比高,中原城市群次之,关中平原城市群最低。(2)城市网络轴线及其层级特征显著,网络关联程度东强西弱,并随时间演化而逐步增强。形成以青岛、济南、郑州、西安为中心的星形放射状骨架,但城市群之间横向跨界联系较弱。(3)青岛、济南、郑州、西安的中心度-中介中心度形成“高-高”组合,是城市群网络的“中枢”和“桥梁”。(4)城市网络社区受边界阻隔效应、邻域效应和外溢效应影响,总体形成“三大一小”的社区结构和“先集聚、后融合”的演变趋势。(5)地理邻近、制度邻近、社会邻近对城市网络发育具有正向作用,产业邻近发挥负向抑制作用。     

接驳地铁站的共享单车时空均衡性分析与吸引区域优化

共享单车是接驳地铁出行的最有效选择之一,但共享单车的时空分布不均问题对使用者和管理者造成了很大的不便,尤其是早高峰期间出现这种问题更会大大降低2个交通系统的运行效率。因此,研究用于接驳地铁出行的共享单车的时空均衡性特点对提升早高峰期间的通勤效率有一定意义。为了了解接驳地铁骑行的时空均衡性特点,本文以厦门市作为实验区,将厦门市早高峰期间接驳地铁站的骑行作为主要研究对象,基于出行OD提出了新的地铁站吸引区域建立方法,基于出行特点提出了考虑地铁站点的单车聚类方法。本文还从潮汐比统计角度和吸引区域角度对各个地铁站的早高峰整体出行均衡性做了分析,从时空角度对早高峰中不同时段的地铁站接驳骑行的时空均衡性做了分析,通过分析得出了3种角度下各个地铁站点均衡性的相似点与不同点,结果表明：(1)根据潮汐比特点,地铁站对骑行的接驳职能可划分为4类,分别为起始型,均衡型,到达型和不适合接驳地铁出行型,反映了各地铁站点的总体接驳特征;(2)地铁站对接驳骑行的吸引区域与潮汐比特点有所差别,其主要影响因素为地铁站点的地理位置及周边土地利用类型;(3)对于时空均衡性分析结果而言,潮汐比对时空均衡性层面没有显著影响,其...     

耕地安全时空变化及其驱动力研究——以江西省鹰潭市为例

耕地安全是保障我国持续增长的人口能健康生存的关键。掌握耕地安全的时空变化特征及其驱动力对维护耕地安全意义很大。本研究考虑耕地数量、质量和生态安全的平衡与稳定性,构建了耕地安全评价指标体系,采用改进的TOPSIS方法,对江西省鹰潭市1995-2015年耕地安全状况进行评价,并分析其时空变化特征。利用空间回归模型研究耕地安全时空变化的驱动力,可消除空间自相关的影响。研究结果表明:1995-2005年鹰潭市耕地安全呈快速下降趋势,2005-2015年耕地安全呈缓慢上升趋势。非常危险的耕地主要分布在月湖区,而安全状态的耕地主要位于南部山地区域,一般危险的耕地范围随城市发展方向往西部扩张延伸。驱动因素中,社会经济因素和政策因素对耕地安全变化有显著影响。根据耕地安全的时空变化规律和耕地安全的驱动因素,可采取相应措施提高耕地安全水平。     

重庆市洪涝灾害管理体系的构建

从重庆市洪涝灾害情况及其管理现状分析入手,构建了重庆市洪涝灾害管理体系。管理体系主要由6个模块组成：监测、预报、预防、应急反应、救援和援建模块,通过一定的数据接口连接,在GIS平台上成为一体化系统,对洪涝灾害进行有效的管理和监测,从而减少洪涝灾害带来的经济损失。     

桂西晚古生代深水沉积研究的新进展

文章综述了近年来桂西地区基础地质研究的重要进展。阐述了桂西晚古生代深水沉积的分布特征 ,简介了深水相地层序列并对桂西晚古生代的构造沉积背景作了新的解释。对长期以来认为是侵入岩的广泛分布于桂西晚古生代地层中之基性岩浆岩 ,认为应属火山岩 ;文章还对右江海盆晚生古代以来的地质发展史提出了与“右江再生地槽”理论完全不同的观点 ,并对桂西地区特殊的地质观象———“化石脉”的成因作了探讨