随机连续模型分析裂隙岩体耦合行为

利用能够反映岩体水力性质空间变异特性的随机连续模型对隧洞开挖过程中的裂隙岩体渗流-应力耦合过程进行了数值分析。随机渗透系数场通过顺序指示模拟方法生成。顺序指示法是一种非参数地质统计学技术,他允许输入任何形式的渗透系数概率分布而不需要对分布做任何假设。由随机模拟生成的渗透系数场被投影到有限元计算网格中进行耦合分析。力学响应使用基于连续介质的节理本构模型来反映岩体中软弱面的影响。结果表明,随机连续模型能够较好地预测裂隙岩体的稳定入渗率,水力性质的空间变异性对裂隙介质的耦合过程起着重要作用。在不排水条件下,隧洞每次开挖开始时,由于岩石应力重分布,孔隙水受到扰动,短时间内不能流动平衡,因此孔压会迅速上升,这对于围岩稳定是不利的。     

应用VBA实现水利工程横断面图的自动化处理

在介绍水利工程数据处理的相关原理基础上,按设计部门的出图要求,应用AutoCAD VBA设计了水利横断面数据进行处理及绘图程序。该绘图软件读取测量数据、批量绘制横断面图并且形成一个dwg文件,方便施工人员检查及设计人员使用。应用结果表明:该软件系统具有友好的人机交流界面,能迅速准确地根据要求绘制简易图或最终成果图,成果图上的信息满足设计部门的需求。     

泌阳凹陷下二门油田油气成藏机制探讨

为了弄清下二门油田的油气成藏机理,利用包裹体、平衡剖面和生烃史模拟等技术,详细分析了其油气充注成藏过程,结果表明,早期(古近纪核二末期至核一末期)油气小规模缓慢充注,形成早期小规模油气藏;中期(古近纪廖庄期末构造抬升期)受差异抬升构造运动影响,油气大规模快速充注,形成中期大规模原生背斜油气藏;晚期(新近纪上寺组沉积末期)断裂发育,早、中期原生油气藏遭受破坏,同时深凹区核三下、上段生成的高成熟油气沿砂体侧向运移补给,油气大规模沿断层向上运移,遇遮挡形成大量次生油气藏和气藏。     

Numerical simulation of strong ground motion for the <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis><Subscript>s</Subscript>8.0 Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008

The Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008 is the most destructive earthquake in China in the past 30 years in terms of property damage and human losses. In order to understand the earthquake process and the geo-morphological factors affecting the seismic hazard, we simulated the strong ground motion caused by the earthquake, incorporating three-dimensional (3D) earth structure, finite-fault rupture, and realistic surface topography. The simulated ground motions reveal that the fault rupture and basin structure control the overall pattern of the peak ground shaking. Large peak ground velocity (PGV) is distributed in two narrow areas: one with the largest PGV values is above the hanging wall of the fault and attributed to the locations of fault asperities and rupture directivity; the other is along the northwestern margin of the Sichuan Basin and caused by both the directivity of fault rupture and the amplification in the thick sediment basin. Rough topography above the rupture fault causes wave scattering, resulting in significantly larger peak ground motion on the apex of topographic relief than in the valley. Topography and scattering also reduce the wave energy in the forward direction of fault rupture but increase the PGV in other parts of the basin. These results suggest the need for a localized hazard assessment in places of rough topography that takes the topographic effects into account. Finally, had the earthquake started at the northeast end of the fault zone and ruptured to the southwest, Chengdu would have suffered a much stronger shaking than it experienced on 12 May, 2008. Supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (Grant Nos. EAR 0738779 and OCE 0727919), the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2004CB418404), and partially by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40521002)     

北冈底斯带日土县-拉梅拉山口花岗岩体的岩石地球化学特征、锆石U-Pb测年及Hf同位素组成

对西藏西部日土县城以南-拉梅拉山口一带的花岗岩体开展了详细的岩相学、岩石地球化学和锆石U-Pb年代学及Hf同位素研究。所有样品铝饱和指数A/CNK集中在0.76~1.0之间,为准铝质类型。CIPW标准矿物组合为Q+Or+Ab+An+Di（或C）+Hy。在稀土元素配分图中呈现出右倾缓倾斜型的特征,轻稀土元素富集并出现较强的分馏作用,重稀土元素无分馏-轻微分馏。δEu在0.56~0.99范围之间,属于铕亏损型。大离子亲石元素出现分化,富集Rb、Pb、Th而亏损K、Ba,高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti等明显亏损。获得钾长花岗岩、二长花岗岩及花岗闪长岩中岩浆结晶锆石的LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄分别为：79.4±0.4Ma、 81.0±0.5Ma和81.3±0.5Ma,结合锆石稀土元素和岩浆振荡环带特征及Th/U比值,上述年龄结果可代表岩石的结晶年龄,表明该套岩体为晚白垩世侵位的大型岩基。两件样品的锆石均具有正的Hf同位素初始比值ε_Hf（t）,两阶段Hf模式年龄（t_DM2）分别介于547.5~658.0Ma、523.4~710.2Ma之间。分析认为该套岩体的物质来源应该为富角闪石的下地壳,可能为幔源岩浆首先侵入到地壳基底岩石中形成新生地壳,然后在温度约为700~800℃之间、压力<8kbar且富含流体的影响下,这种既有新生地壳又有古老基底地壳构成的混合地壳发生部分熔融而形成。这一结论与野外宏观露头上岩体中大量发育暗色微粒包体等直接岩石学证据相佐证。结合区域构造演化及岩体所处的大地构造位置,该套花岗岩体应该形成于洋壳闭合时的碰撞造山过程,其形成与侵位与北侧班公湖-怒江结合带的构造演化有成因上的联系,是班公湖-怒江特提斯洋向南的俯冲碰撞的产物。     

遥感图像融合方法研究

利用遥感图像专业处理软件ENVI与ERDAS IMAGINE,对珠海市2002年的Landsat 7 ETM+遥感数据进行了图像融合方法试验,包括IHS变换、Brovey变换、K-L变换和Gram Schmidt波谱锐化等。然后利用定性和定量方法对各种方法的融合结果进行了光谱特征和统计参数等方面的评价。研究结果表明:Gram Schmidt波谱锐化在纹理信息、亮度信息和光谱信息等方面都优于其他几种融合方法。     

Progress in the Research on Benefit-sharing and Ecological Compensation Mechanisms for Transboundary Rivers

Transboundary rivers have important geopolitical and geo-economic connotations, but riparian states of transboundary rivers are often driven by their own rapid population growth and economic development to be-come involved in regional conflicts about the development and use of water resources. Therefore, finding a balance between the need for fair and reasonable development of water resources and the effective protection of environment from an ecological perspective has become a major problem faced by the international community. This paper begins with consideration of international water laws related to transboundary rivers and then reviews advances in the research on benefit-sharing, ecological compensation mechanisms, and adaptive management systems. We believe that existing international water laws form a complete legal system and that more attention needs to be paid to transboundary cooperation and sustainable water resource use. With respect to how transboundary water conflicts are resolved, there is a trend to move away from single water resource allocation (a zero-sum game) to benefit-sharing in order to achieve a win-win situation for riparian states, but there are still some difficulties in transboundary ecological compensation. In China, the central government has paid attention to horizontal ecological compensation between upstream and downstream, offering guidance to promote establishment of inter-province ecological compensation. Based on existing practice, horizontal ecological compensations are still in their infancy, small in scale, supported by a weak legal system, lacking market mechanisms to encourage their use and relying on fiscal transfers as the method of payment. In the future, China will need to intensify its research on legal system development, international cooperation, and benefit-sharing as these impact transboundary water resources. Because government can be seen as a management department with multiple identities (enabler, regulator and buyer), to improve adaptive transboundary ecological compensation mechanisms, government must develop as soon as possible data sharing platforms, standards of water consumption behaviors and intergovernmental policies (or ordinances).     

藏北龙木错—双湖—澜沧江板块缝合带发现晚石炭世—早二叠世洋岛型岩石组合

天泉群岛出露于龙木错—双湖—澜沧江板块缝合带的中西段,也是目前该缝合带上所发现的第一套洋岛型岩石组合。通过野外踏勘、剖面测制等对天泉群岛进行了较为详细的研究,结果显示,天泉群岛由9个孤立、岩石组合不同的洋岛组成,其中独泉沟洋岛、屏风岭洋岛的洋岛组分齐全,见玄武岩、灰岩、砾岩、硅质岩等,其他洋岛的洋岛组分不全。天泉群岛与展金组复理石沉积为整合接触,表明其形成时代为晚石炭世—早二叠世。天泉群岛的厘定,说明龙木错—双湖—澜沧江大洋在晚石炭世—早二叠世仍具有成熟的洋壳。该项研究进一步丰富了龙木错—双湖—澜沧江板块缝合带的演化内容,为反演区域地质演化历史提供了依据。     

Application of the Response Surface Method for Optimization of Headspace Liquid Phase Microextraction of Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water

An optimized analysis method based on headspace liquid phase microextraction (HS‐LPME) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was proposed for the determination of trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water. The response surface method (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction of THMs for analysis by HS‐LPME. The temperature, extraction time and NaCl concentration were found to be important extraction parameters. The coefficient of determination (R²) for the model was 94.97%. A high probability value (P < 0.0001) for the regression indicated that the model had a high level of significance. The optimum conditions were seen to be: temperature 42.0°C, NaCl concentration 0.30 g/mL, and extraction time 28 min. The response variable was the summation of the THMs chromatography peak areas and the reproducibility of this was investigated in five replicate experiments under the optimized conditions. The relative standard deviations (RSD%) of the THMs ranged from 8.0–11.6%. The limits of detection (LODs), based on a signal‐to‐noise ratio (S/N) of three ranged from 0.42–0.78 μg/L, and were lower than the maximum limits for THMs in drinking water established by the WHO.     

表面粗糙对渤海海冰热红外辐射方向特征的影响研究

热红外遥感技术使大范围、快速地监测渤海海冰表面温度成为可能。然而,目前绝大多数遥感器都是小视场角的,只对海冰在某个方向上的辐射能量进行了测量。由于自然界的海冰大多数都是高低起伏的、不平坦的,如果近似地认为遥感像元尺度内各部分温度是相同的,有时会带来较大误差。在盛冰期的渤海辽东湾东岸固定冰区,分别用3D激光扫描仪、热红外成像仪和自计温度计测量了渤海海冰的表面形状、辐射亮温和真实温度。结果表明,由于海冰表面粗糙,会形成三维非同温像元。同时,也会导致传感器在粗糙海冰的各个部分的局部观测天顶角与整体观测天顶角有所不同,造成粗糙海冰与平整海冰的方向辐射特征有较大差异,平整海冰更接近理想平面,粗糙海冰更接近朗伯面。