从“封疆”之义探西周时期的土地测量

公元前十一世纪，西周王朝建立，中国古代奴隶制社会进入高度发展的时期。为了国土管理和统治的需要，王朝首领将土地分给各种等级的贵族管理，明显地进行了国土勘测与土地测量。在土地边界上掘沟垒上植树——“封”，是当时测量土地勘定边境线的主要形式。本文以传世的文献和考古资料，对“封”产生的历史作了探索：远古时期，它是作为部落土地归属标志而出现的；经过商王朝到西周王朝，成为土地勘测中的测量与境界标志。文章从古文字研究入手，分析了几篇重要的考古发现的青铜器铭文，重点阐述了西周时期的土地测量，从一个方面探讨了西周之前测绘发展的脉络。     

城市大气环境质量的超标加权评价方法

根据大气环境中３种主要污染的监测数据，采用超标加权方法，利用灰色决策模型进行综合评价。参与评价的信息量大，为城市环境质量综合评价提供了一种新的方法。     

Indices for the assessment of environmental pollution of the Baltic Sea coasts: integrated assessment of a multi-biomarker approach

Two mathematical methods to assess the "health status" of flounder (Platichthys flesus), eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) and blue mussel (Mytilus spp.) populations of the Baltic Sea were applied on selected biomarker data collected during the EU project "BEEP" (Biological Effects of Environmental Pollution on Marine Coastal Ecosystems). The Bioeffect Assessment Index (BAI) and the Integrated Biomarker Index (IBR) combine different biomarkers to single values, which can be used to describe the toxically-induced stress level of populations in different areas. Both indices determined here produced essentially similar results, which in most cases agreed with the known contamination levels in the different study areas. Advantages and limitations of index applications and interpretations are critically discussed. The use of indices provides comprehensive information about biological effects of pollution in marine organisms and may therefore serve as a useful tool for environmental management by ranking the pollution status of marine coastal areas.     

城市发展中的门槛分析法及工程选址方案的F-G局势决策

城市规划与城市发展决策有着丰富的经济内涵。只有把规划工作与经济学有机地联系起来,规划与决策才能真正地有效地影响和驾驭城市发展过程。门槛理论在规划领域中的应用已经形成一种专门的方法——门槛分析法,该方法把规划与经济紧密联系起来。城市工业和市政建设中,工程建设选址可能有许多方案,但综合地考虑各方面的因素影响,可以优选出最优方案。本文中,首先介绍城市发展中的门槛分析法,并在此基础上,对工程建设选址方案采用Fuzzy-Grey局势决策选优,图形及数据处理在微机上进行。     

Biomarker responses as indication of contaminant effects in blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and female eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) from the southwestern Baltic Sea

During a field study performed in spring and autumn 2001 and 2002, blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) and female eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) were collected at three locations in the Wismar Bay (Baltic Sea), and several biomarkers of contaminant effects were analysed. Besides seasonal and inter-annual variations, biomarker signals were most pronounced at the location closest to Wismar Harbour (Wendorf) in both species. Lysosomal membrane stability (LMS) was lowest and acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) was significantly reduced. Frequency of micronuclei (MN) was significantly higher (in blue mussels), indicating mutagenic effects. In eelpout elevated levels of DNA adducts, EROD induction and PAH-metabolites were measured. Metallothionein (MT), biomarker for trace metal exposure, showed a gradient only in spring. Organochlorine contaminant analyses (PCBs, DDTs) corresponded to the observed biomarker levels. The results obtained clearly demonstrate pollution effects in the southwestern Baltic Sea. Moreover, they show that a multibiomarker approach is also applicable in a brackish water environment.