用作花岗质岩浆主要变量指示物的铁镁硅酸盐类

花岗岩类中的矿物组合与原始岩浆的主要变量的关系不总是明显的。许多花岗岩侵入体与逐渐冷却的岩浆流起反应,而另一些则显然是与变质岩流起反应。铁镁硅酸盐记录了该岩体大量的结晶和冷却过程,如将它与氧化物、硫酸盐和长石一起进行研究,就能够提供有关原始岩浆的信息。     

苏联早前寒武系主要的标准参考层序

引言这里考虑的早前寒武系包括太古界(35—26亿年)和早元古界(26—16.5亿年),整个早前寒武系大多是经受了各种变形和变质的上地壳岩和深成岩类。而晚前寒武系(比16.5亿年年青)主要是由广泛发育的地台型沉积覆盖物组成,因此,早前寒武系的年代地层和岩石地层单位的划分是以造山幕为根据的,而对于晚前寒武系则用岩性和生物地层标志则更为合适。在苏联研究早前寒武系的主要地区是欧洲的波罗的地盾和亚洲的阿尔丹地盾(东西伯利亚),它们的上地壳岩层序可作为古老的前寒武系年代地层和岩石地层单位的基础     

Effects of Large-Scale Climatic Oscillations on the Variability of the Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall

In India, large-scale climatic oscillations have strong influences on the Indian summer monsoon rainfall(ISMR),which plays a crucial role in India’s agricultural production and economic growth. However, there are limited studies in India that explore the influences of decadal and multidecadal oscillations on the ISMR and associated El Ni?o–Southern Oscillation(ENSO). Therefore, in this study we carried out a comprehensive and detailed investigation to understand the influences of ENSO, Pacific d...     

Biophysical warming patterns of an open-top chamber and its short-term influence on a Phragmites wetland ecosystem in China

Passive-warming, open-top chambers(OTCs) are widely applied for studying the effects of future climate warming on coastal wetlands. In this study, a set of six OTCs were established at a Phragmites wetland located in the Yellow River Delta of Dongying City, China. With data collected through online transmission and in-situ sensors, the attributes and patterns of realized OTCs warming are demonstrated.The authors also quantified the preliminary influence of experimental chamber warming on plant t...     

Sedimentary and water column processes in the Oyster Grounds: a potentially hypoxic region of the North Sea

The purpose of this research was to investigate the potential causes of low oxygen levels in the bottom water of the Oyster Grounds region of the shallow southern North Sea, an area which provides suitable conditions for low oxygen levels to develop. At the end of the summer stratified period, relevant biogeochemical processes were investigated using a combination of sedimentary and water column rate measurements. Phytoplankton nitrate and ammonium uptake was measured throughout the water column using (15)N labelled isotopes and showed ammonium uptake dominated in the upper and bottom mixed layer with a maximum 294.4 micromol N m(-3)h(-1). In the deep chlorophyll maximum at the thermocline, primary production was dominated by nitrate uptake, with an average of 35.0 micromol N m(-3)h(-1), relative to ammonium uptake, with an average of 24.6 micromol N m(-3)h(-1). This high relative nitrate uptake will in part result in exportable new production to the isolated bottom mixed layer and sediments, as opposed to regenerated ammonium driven uptake. This biomass export was indicated by significant benthic oxygen consumption rates in the stratified region (782-1275 micromol O(2)m(-2)h(-1)micromol N m(-3)h(-1)) long after the end of the spring bloom. The sediments were also an active net source of nitrate, ammonium, phosphate and silicate into the bottom mixed layer of 4.4, 8.4, 2.3 and 68.8 micromol m(-2)h(-1), respectively. The export of new production within the thermocline to the bottom mixed layer and the consequent sediment oxygen consumption in the isolated bottom mixed layer in the Oyster Grounds are expected to have contributed to the low bottom water oxygen concentrations of 2.07 mg l(-1) (64.7 micromol l(-1)) measured. The long stratified period associated with this low oxygen is predicted to occur more regularly in the future and continued monitoring of this ecologically important region is therefore essential if the causes of these potentially damaging low oxygen levels are to be fully understood.     

岩浆的成因和起源

序近年来对岩浆形成过程中递增熔融和分离结晶规律的认识已有长足的进展,对上地幔源演化的理解也更为深入。地球化学和同位素痕量技术的应用更是硕果累累。在太古宙地质体研究中应用主要痕量元素的模型法是利用标准岩石混合模式(如 Wrisht 和Dehevty 1970年所作),Rayleigh 定律,平衡和分离熔融公式(Neumann 等1954;Shaw 1970;Manson,1978;Allegre 和 Minster,1978)。地球化学模型法是采用分配系数 Kd,Kd 等于某个特定元素在固相中的浓度被它在共生液相中的浓度来除。如     

褶皱带橄榄岩-榴辉岩杂岩和稳定地块含金刚石岩筒的成因特征

金刚石母岩可以是榴辉岩、辉石岩、橄榄岩等多种岩石,它们与金刚石都是在地幔深处形成的,并上侵最终固结于地壳中。母岩中的金刚石等矿物在地壳中又发生准稳定生长。地壳中金伯利岩和钾镁煌斑岩岩浆作用对金刚石母岩侵入体进行改造,使原生金刚石发生破碎、溶解、再生长等一系列变化,并形成巨晶、劣质金刚石和黑金刚石等新类型,这些现象不是在金刚石母岩形成之初发生的。     

Rural homes and urban dwellings? Gender,migration and the importance of tenure in Gaborone,Botswana

"The issue of return migration has been widely debated in African migration literature in view of strong rural-urban ties and urban growth based largely on in-migration. On the basis of fieldwork in Botswana, it is argued that there are important gender differences in terms of the commitment to rural and urban areas. It has been postulated in past studies that the decision to remain in towns depends in part upon urban tenure and it is argued that home owners are more likely than tenants to be permanent urban dwellers. Again, there are important gender differences and women appear to be more committed to the urban dwelling than men."     

日本大地震矩震级估计的长周期地震动预测方程

建立了壳内地震、板间地震、板内地震的峰值地动速度(PGV)和峰值地动位移(PGD)的长周期(5~30s)地震动预测方程(GMPE)。使用了剪切波速大于或等于2 000m/s的层间的KiK-net井下台网台站强地震动数据。这些数据由日本及其周边的20次6≤MW≤9.1的地震构成,包括2011年的日本东北地震。在推导长周期地震动预测方程时运用了两阶段回归分析。尽管附加了诸如震源深度和地震类型这些尽量能够使回归曲线与数据保持一致的因素,但在双线性回归时于MW7.5处产生了弯曲。所建公式表明:壳内地震的长周期峰值地动速度和峰值地动位移要大于板间地震和板内地震。长周期峰值地动速度和峰值地动位移衰减系数随着震源深度的增加而增加。估计的矩震级符合观测的峰值地动速度和峰值地动位移在5~30s周期范围内的长周期地震动预测方程。得到了由KiK-net井下台网台站加速度计记录的23次地震的震级估计,而且这一结果与全球矩心矩张量项目得到的矩震级一致。上述方法对于大地震的矩震级估计是有效的,如果能够获取震源区的信息,就能快速进行矩震级的估计。     

On the Spatio-Temporal Variations of the Tropopause Height over India and Indian Summer Monsoon Activity

The spatio-temporal variation of the tropopause height (TH) over the Indian region (5°N-35°N, 70°E-95°E) has been studied using monthly mean TH data, for 22-year period, 1965 to 1986. The study revealed that the stations south of 20° showed maximum TH in April / May and minimum in September. This variation in TH has been attributed to the corresponding variation of average sea surface temperature (SST) over ± 20° latitudinal belt over Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. Further the stations north of 20°N showed maximum in June and minimum in October/ November. This maximum in TH has primarily been attributed to the increased insolation and convection. Furthermore it is noticed that the anomaly of TH moved northwards during the period April to July.The interannual variability of the Indian Summer Monsoon Activity (ISMA) has been studied in relation to all India mean TH (at 12 GMT) for six months April through September. The composites of mean TH for good and bad monsoon years showed that