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31.
Fredric L. Prikle Thomas R. Bement Jo Ann Howell Charles D. Koch Newton K. Stablein Richard J. Beckman Gary L. Tietjen 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》1983,18(3):175-187
Throughout the aerial radiometric reconnaissance survey portion of the U.S. Department of Energy's National Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE) program, the identification of outliers (anomalies) was an important approach to locating regions with radio-element concentrations that are either higher or lower than expected. The method introduced herein to locate such regions involves three steps: selection of a high (or low) threshold for the variate of interest; use of the sample percentile to identify all points of interest; and movement of a window over the selected data to locate significant clusters of observations. These steps, applied to aerial radiometric 214Bi (equivalent uranium) data collected over the Copper Mountain area in Wyoming, resulted in the identification of areas enriched in that variate. 相似文献
32.
João Magalhães Neto Heliana Teixeira Joana Patrício Alexandra Baeta Helena Veríssimo Rute Pinto João Carlos Marques 《Estuaries and Coasts》2010,33(6):1327-1339
Anthropogenic activities are a disturbance factor of coastal systems and can be widely recognized as a major threat to the
health of coastal systems. However, natural events cannot be disregarded from management issues because of their significant
influence on the communities living in these areas. Based on long-term subtidal data from the Mondego Estuary (Portugal),
the effects of natural events (e.g., floods and droughts) on macrobenthic communities were compared with the anthropogenic
events. Sampling stations were grouped into characteristic zones (mouth, north arm, south arm) so the community dynamics of
each of these estuarine areas could be followed over time. Environmental assessment was performed for stations using the Benthic
Assessment Tool (BAT), and compared with the existing pressures. Human impacts persist over a number of years and gradually
reduce ecosystem health, as discussed in the European Water Framework Directive. Paradoxically, natural events cause stronger
impacts but are of a shorter duration, which allows for a faster recovery of macrobenthic communities. The study showed that
caution should be taken when developing and implementing water policies so as not to disregard the importance of the different
events (natural and human-caused) on the ecosystem health (e.g., community degradation and water quality and ecological quality
status assessment). 相似文献
33.
Carlos J. Chernicoff Eduardo O. Zappettini João O.S. Santos Marta C. Godeas E. Belousova Neal J. McNaughton 《Gondwana Research》2012,21(2-3):378-393
We have identified late Early Cambrian metaigneous rocks very poorly exposed at the Estancia El Carancho, in central La Pampa province, Argentina. They comprise calc–alkaline metadiorite and metagranite, and tholeiitic metapyroxenite and metagabbro. They are jointly referred to as the El Carancho Igneous Complex, and regarded to pertain to the Pampean magmatic arc and backarc, respectively. Titanite U–Pb SHRIMP dating of the metapyroxenite yielded 528 ± 5 Ma, and zircon U–Pb SHRIMP dating of the metadiorite yielded 520 ± 1.4 Ma. Hafnium isotope determinations on the dated zircons show 176Hf/177Hf ratios corresponding to positive εHf values from + 7.18 to + 9.37; Hf model ages of the Cambrian zircons yielded 884 Ma. It is interpreted that the metadiorites of the Complex crystallized from an Early Neoproterozoic (Tonian) juvenile source. We argue that the inferred occurrence of juvenile Tonian magmatic rocks in the (otherwise, mostly Paleo-Mesoproterozoic) substratum of the southern Pampia terrane could indicate a zone of thinned basement possibly associated with the early stage of Rodinia's breakup. In addition, the studied segment of the Pampean magmatic arc is contaminated by also juvenile, Late Mesoproterozoic crust, as evidenced by the presence of xenocrystic cores of 1140–1194 Ma – TDM-Hf 1720 Ma and εHf values of + 3.24 to + 4.85 – in the Cambrian zircons, hence suggesting that the studied segment of the Pampean magmatic arc was intruded into juvenile Late Mesoproterozoic magmatic arc rocks. The El Carancho Igneous Complex would be located at the tectonic boundary between the Pampia terrane and the Río de la Plata craton. This boundary stands out in the aeromagnetic data as a change in the structural orientation about a roughly N-S line located approximately at 65° W and representing the suture zone between the Pampia terrane and the Río de la Plata craton. Our geotectonic model envisages westward dipping subduction of oceanic crust beneath the Pampia terrane; the El Carancho Igneous Complex would, therefore, have been originated on the Pampia side (upper plate) of the suture. Slivers of the arc- and backarc-type rocks would have been tectonically imbricated in the suture zone during the Pampean orogeny. 相似文献
34.
In mineral resource evaluation a careful analysis and assessment of the geology, assay data and structural data is required. One important question is where to position the exploration boreholes, another is what method to use when analyzing the grade in the collected material. Here, a challenge of this type is whether one should analyze the collected core samples with accurate and expensive lab equipment or a simpler hand-held meter. A dataset of about 2000 oxide observations is available, along with relevant explanatory variables, from a deposit in Norway. A Gaussian geostatistical model is used to predict the grade parameter on block support. To improve the predictions, several new boreholes are planned, giving 265 additional samples. The associated uncertainty reduction is evaluated, and a resource evaluation is performed with and without the planned data. Then the value of information of the planned data is computed, using assumed costs, recovery rates and revenues. The data acquired with the hand-held meter has almost the same value as the more expensive acquisition strategy, given that the already established correlation between the two datasets is valid. 相似文献
35.
Roberto Ventura Santos Edilton J. dos Santos João Adauto de Souza Neto Luis Christian Montreuil Carmona Alcides Nóbrega Sial Luis Henrique Mancini Lauro Cézar Montefalco de Lira Santos Gilzênia Henrique do Nascimento Lucas UpaDafubigin Santos Mendes Emerson Marcello Ferreira Anastácio 《Gondwana Research》2013,23(1):380-389
Strongly-deformed marbles may be easily confused with linear and elongated carbonatite intrusions. Both rocks may present similar texture and foliation to the host rock, or even cross cutting field relationships, which could be interpreted either as igneous or high-grade metamorphosed marble. Diagnostic criteria are even more complex when there is evidence of melting of the metasedimentary carbonate rock, such as has been described in the Himalayas and in the Eastern Ghats, India.In the Alto Moxotó Terrane, a high-grade gneissic domain of the Borborema Province, Northeastern Brazil, there are metacarbonates associated with banded gneisses and different metaplutonic rocks. Field evidence indicates the absence of other metasedimentary rocks associated with these marbles, thus suggesting that these carbonates were separated from other siliciclastic metasedimentary rocks. The presence of marble also suggests that it may represent the initial stage of a crustal carbon recycling into the mantle. These marbles present many field similarities to carbonatites (e.g., fluid-flow structure) and, together with metagranites and metamafic intrusions, may represent a major collisional tectonic suture.A detailed study of the carbon, oxygen and strontium isotopic composition of these marbles is presented. This study aims to identify the origin of the different isotopic components. It is argued that these rocks were subjected to temperature and pressure conditions that were sufficiently high to have melted them. The isotopic data presented here support this interpretation and indicate the mixing of two components: (i) one characterized by radiogenic Sr isotopes and mantle-like carbon isotopes, which is associated with the gneissic and mafic rocks, and (ii) another characterized by low 87Sr/86Sr ratios and highly positive δ13C values. Available geochemical data for the upper Paleoproterozoic indicate that the 87Sr/86Sr ratio of ocean water, varying between 0.7050 (2.25 ± 0.25 Ga) and 0.7047 (1.91 Ga), falls within the lower range of the samples from Itatuba and thus reinforces the interpretation that these marbles are sedimentary-derived and were partially contaminated by interaction with the host gneissic and mafic rocks. 相似文献
36.
This paper describes the implementation of process-based models reflecting relative groundwater nitrate vulnerability of the
shallow alluvial Lower Savinja Valley (LSV) aquifer in Slovenia. A spatially explicit identification of the potentially vulnerable
priority areas within groundwater bodies at risk from a chemical point of view is being required for cost-effective measures
and monitoring planning. The shallow LSV unconfined aquifer system consists of high-permeable Holocene and middle- to low-permeable
Pleistocene gravel and sand, with a maximum thickness of about 30 m, mainly covered by shallow eutric fluvisoils or variously
deep eutric cambisoil. The hydrogeological parameters, e.g. the depth to the groundwater, hydrological role of the topographic
slope, etc. usually used in different point count schemes are, in the case of the lowland aquifer and shallow groundwater,
spatially very uniform with low variability. Furthermore, the parametric point count methods are generally not able to illustrate
and analyze important physical processes, and validation of the results is difficult and expensive. Instead of a parametric
point count scheme, we experimentally used the Arc-WofE extension for weights-of-evidence (WofE) modelling. All measurement
locations with a concentration higher than the value of 20 mg NO3
− per litre of groundwater have been considered as training points (173), and the three process-based models generalized output
layers of groundwater recharge (GROWA), nitrate leached from the soil profile (SWAT) and groundwater flow velocity (FEFLOW),
served as evidential themes. The technique is based on the Bayesian idea of phenomena occurrences probability before (prior
probability) and after consideration of any evidential themes (posterior probability), which were measured by positive and
negative weights as an indication of the association between a phenomena and a prediction pattern. The response theme values
describe the relative probability that a 100 × 100 m spatial unit will have a groundwater nitrate concentration higher than
the training points’ limit values with regard to prior probability value. The lowest probability of groundwater nitrate occurrence
is in the parts of the LSV aquifer, which are known as anoxic condition areas with very likely denitrification processes.
The cross-validation of the dissolved oxygen and dissolved nitrate response theme confirmed the accuracy of the groundwater
nitrate prediction. The WofE model results very clearly indicate regional groundwater nitrate distribution and enable spatial
prediction of the probability for increased groundwater nitrate concentration in order to plan the groundwater nitrate reduction
measures and optimize the programme for monitoring the effects of these measures. 相似文献
37.
Matheron (1971) proposed an approximation of the extension variance in IR. We propose in this note an extension of this formula in IR 2 , based on a MacLaurin formula. Its application is shown in an example, the estimation of the maximum depressional storage of a soil surface. 相似文献
38.
Optimal pumping from Palmela water supply wells (Portugal) using simulated annealing 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Teresa Fragoso Maria da Conceição Cunha João P. Lobo-Ferreira 《Hydrogeology Journal》2009,17(8):1935-1948
Aquifer systems are an important part of an integrated water resources management plan as foreseen in the European Union’s Water Framework Directive (2000). The sustainable development of these systems demands the use of all available techniques capable of handling the multidisciplinary features of the problems involved. The formulation and resolution of an optimization model is described for a planning and management problem based on the Palmela aquifer (Portugal), developed to supply a given number of demand centres. This problem is solved using one of the latest optimization techniques, the simulated annealing heuristic method, designed to find the optimal solutions while avoiding falling into local optimums. The solution obtained, providing the wells location and the corresponding pumped flows to supply each centre, are analysed taking into account the objective function components and the constraints. It was found that the operation cost is the biggest share of the final cost, and the choice of wells is greatly affected by this fact. Another conclusion is that the solution takes advantage of the economies of scale, that is, it points toward drilling a large capacity well even if this increases the investment cost, rather than drilling several wells, which together will increase the operation costs. 相似文献
39.
Young Baek Son Wilford D. Gardner Alexey V. Mishonov Mary Jo Richardson 《Journal of Earth System Science》2009,118(1):1-10
Hydrographic data, including particulate organic carbon (POC) from the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico (NEGOM) study, were combined
with remotely-sensed SeaWiFS data to estimate POC concentration using principal component analysis (PCA). The spectral radiance
was extracted at each NEGOM station, digitized, and averaged. The mean value and spurious trends were removed from each spectrum.
De-trended data included six wavelengths at 58 stations. The correlation between the weighting factors of the first six eigenvectors
and POC concentration were applied using multiple linear regression. PCA algorithms based on the first three, four, and five
modes accounted for 90, 95, and 98% of total variance and yielded significant correlations with POC with R
2 = 0.89, 0.92, and 0.93. These full waveband approaches provided robust estimates of POC in various water types.
Three different analyses (root mean square error, mean ratio and standard deviation) showed similar error estimates, and suggest
that spectral variations in the modes defined by just the first four characteristic vectors are closely correlated with POC
concentration, resulting in only negligible loss of spectral information from additional modes. The use of POC algorithms
greatly increases the spatial and temporal resolution for interpreting POC cycling and can be extrapolated throughout and
perhaps beyond the area of shipboard sampling. 相似文献
40.
The analysis of rural social change has reached a point of somewhat saturated orthodoxy. Numerous studies over the last 20 years have served to reinforce a standard view that it is the ‘newcomer vs local’ conflict which lies at the heart of social and cultural changes in rural communities. Moreover, these broad categorisations have often been translated into class terms without due regard for the detailed circumstances of locality or intra-class fractions. This paper presents some evidence from an intensive study of 10 parishes in rural Gloucestershire, and seeks to provide a detailed background to the distribution of selected indicators of social change in that area. It focuses on the diversions and needs experienced by different social groups and suggests additional complexities to those recognised in traditional treatments of rural conflict. 相似文献