Trophic ecology of sharks in the mid-east Pacific ocean inferred from stable isotopes

As apex predators, sharks are of ecological and conservation importance in marine ecosystems. In this study, trophic positions of sharks were estimated using stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen for five representative species caught by the Chinese longline fleet in the mid-east Pacific, i.e., the blue shark(Prionace glauca), the bigeye thresher shark(Alopias superciliosus), the silky shark(Carcharhinus falciformis), the scalloped hammerhead(Sphyrna lewini), and the oceanic whitetip shark(Carcharhinus longimanus). Of these species, oceanic whitetip shark has the lowest trophic level and mean δ15N value(3.9 and 14.93‰± 0.84‰), whereas bigeye thresher shark has the highest level/values(4.5 and 17.02‰± 1.21‰, respectively). The bigeye thresher shark has significantly higher δ15N value than other shark species, indicating its higher trophic position. The blue shark and oceanic whitetip shark has significantly higher δ13C values than bigeye thresher shark, silky shark and scalloped hammerhead, possibly due to different diets and/or living habitats. The stable isotope data and stomach content data are highly consistent, suggesting that stable isotope analysis supplements traditional feeding ecology study of sharks, and thus contributes to understanding their trophic linkage.     

风沙运动的欧拉双流体模型参数灵敏度分析

由于欧拉双流体模型的风沙流数值计算涉及的参数非常繁多,模型参数的选取会对计算结果产生很大影响。文中从欧拉双流体模型的基本方程出发,确定了11个模型关键参数,并给出其合理取值范围。进一步基于Morris灵敏度分析法,采用Fluent软件研究了参数不确定度对输沙率饱和值的影响,度量了各参数的重要性及其相互作用大小。计算结果表明,沙粒相直径和沙床最大堆积率是对输沙率饱和值有较大非线性影响的参数,且与其他参数之间存在一定的交互作用。镜面系数与颗粒拟温度是灵敏度较小的线性参数,且与其它参数之间基本不存在交互作用。     

基于欧拉—拉格朗日模式的风沙跃移数值模拟方法

通过对沙粒的起动过程以及粒床相互作用机理进行参数化处理,利用计算流体力学方法与离散动力学模拟对风场和沙粒进行耦合迭代,建立了基于欧拉—拉格朗日模式的、适用于研究风沙流二维特征的风沙跃移数值模型。通过模拟沙粒集团以及单颗沙粒跃移运动的随机特征,有效描述了风沙流垂向以及沿程变化规律,并且能够输出任意时刻每颗沙粒的空间位置、速度和加速度等信息。输沙通量的空间分布与现场观测实验数据有较高的吻合度,摩阻风速和风速廓线两个宏观物理量的变化情况与风沙流形成和发展的物理实际相符,说明了本数值模型和计算方法的合理性。     

Profile characteristics of temporal stability of soil water storage in two land uses

Information on soil water storage (SWS) within soil profiles is essential in order to characterize hydrological and biological processes. One of the challenges is to develop low cost and efficient sampling strategies for area estimation of profile SWS. To test the existence of certain sample locations which consistently represent mean behavior irrespective of soil profile wetness, temporal stability of SWS in ten soil layers from 0 to 400 cm was analyzed in two land uses (grassland and shrub land), on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Temporal stability analyses were conducted using two methods viz. Spearman rank correlation coefficient (r _s) and mean relative differences. The results showed that both spatial variability and time stability of SWS increased with increasing soil depth, and this trend was mainly observed at above 200 cm depth. High r _s (p?<?0.01) indicated a strong temporal stability of spatial patterns for all soil layers. Temporal stability increased with increasing soil depth, based on either r _s or standard deviation of relative difference index. The boundary between the temporal unstable and stable layer of SWS for shrub land and grassland uses was 280 and 160 cm depth, respectively. No single location could represent the mean SWS for all ten soil layers. For temporal stable layers, however, some sampling locations could represent the mean SWS at different layers. With increasing soil depth, more locations were able to estimate the mean SWS of the area, and the accuracy of prediction for the representative locations also increased.     

松潘造山带金川地区观音桥晚三叠世二云母花岗岩的成因及其地质意义

松潘造山带内发育大量印支期花岗岩,这些花岗岩类对于该地区岩浆活动、基底性质和构造演化的研究有着重要的意义。金川地区观音桥二云母花岗岩位于松潘造山带东部,属于晚三叠世花岗岩。岩石具有高硅(SiO_2=72.08%~73.95%)、富碱(K_2O=4.44%~5.84%、Na_2O=3.29%~3.93%)的特征,其A/CNK值为1.08~1.22,属于过铝质高钾钙碱性S型花岗岩类。岩石富集大离子亲石元素,亏损部分高场强元素,具有明显的Eu负异常(δEu=0.26~0.38)。观音桥二云母花岗岩的ε_(Nd)(t)=-7.9~-10.1(平均为-8.9)不高,Nd同位素二阶段模式年龄T_(2DM)值为1.42~1.57 Ga,显示源岩应该为中元古代地壳岩石。岩石高的Rb/Sr值和低的CaO/Na_2O值、较低的Al_2O_3/TiO_2值和低的Rb/Ba值,表明其起源于泥质源岩的部分熔融。综合地球化学、同位素特征和区域地质资料,笔者等认为金川地区观音桥二云母花岗岩是在松潘造山带挤压背景下,由中—上地壳泥质源岩发生部分熔融而形成。     

中国气温涨落层次结构的区域性特征

运用近年来发展的湍流层次结构模型分析中国气温序列的涨落,研究其层次相似结构的区域性特征.通过对全国160个站点近50年来的月平均气温距平序列的分析,发现层次相似律基本上都存在,得到的层次相似系数β具有一定的区域分布特征.我们对β的含义进行了讨论,并研究了β的区域分布以及造成这种分布的原因.     

西藏南部谢通门花岗闪长岩锆石SHRIMP定年及其地质意义

对冈底斯岩带中部,谢通门唐河电站花岗闪长岩中锆石进行SHRIMP U-Pb定年,结果为45.1±1.7Ma(始新世),岩体的形成时代相当于印度和欧亚两个大陆碰撞的峰期时间,说明谢通门花岗闪长岩为同碰撞花岗岩。     

一种调整台风参数的方法

本文针对我国海面风数值预报和后报研究，基于现有的实测资料和前人的经验统计，就海面风模式中较敏感的风资料参数对台风最大风速半径的确定提出了一种较客观的统计方法，使之在缺乏观测资料的情况下能合理地反映海面风实况。在这之前，本文对中国《台风年鉴》１９７０年以前偏大的最大风速资料进行了合理的订正，使之在进入海面风数值模式前能真实地代表台风气候特征。     

中国东部中—新生代基性岩的同位素特征:源区性质及深部过程

胶州大西庄玄武岩的形成时代处于中生代和新生代之间,这给追索深部过程以及岩石圈演化提供了有利条件.其Pb同位素组成较为均一,[n(206Pb)/n(204Pb)](t)=18.18-18.24,[n(206Pb)/n(204Pb)](t)=15.42-15.44,[n(206Pb)/n(204Pb)](t)=37.87-...