辽宁庄河地区构造变形及构造演化初探

辽宁庄河地区构造活动强烈，构造变形样式多种多样，反映了在不同体制下，构造变形由下部构造层次到上部构造层次的系统变化，从早期褶皱变形到后则破裂变形过程中岩石韧性递减的系统演变。笔者利用构造解析方法，初步确定了该区的构造序列并探讨了构造演化过程。     

A possible role of solar radiation and ocean in the mid-Holocene East Asian monsoon climate

An atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) and an oceanic general circulation model (OGCM) are asynchronously coupled to simulate the climate of the mid-Holocene period. The role of the solar radiation and ocean in the mid-Holocene East Asian monsoon climate is analyzed and some mechanisms are revealed. At the forcing of changed solar radiation induced by the changed orbital parameters and the changed SST simulated by the OGCM, compared with when there is orbital forcing alone, there is more precipitation and the monsoon is stronger in the summer of East Asia, and the winter temperature increases over China. These agree better with the reconstructed data. It is revealed that the change of solar radiation can displace northward the ITCZ and the East Asia subtropical jet, which bring more precipitation over the south of Tibet and North and Northeast China. By analyzing the summer meridional latent heat transport, it is found that the influence of solar radiation change is mainly to increase the convergence of atmosphere toward the land, and the influence of SST change is mainly to transport more moisture to the sea surface atmosphere. Their synergistic effect on East Asian precipitation is much stronger than the sum of their respective effects.     

关于数字水准仪i角指标限差的探讨

通过对数字水准仪在构造和测量原理上与光学水准仪具有不同特点的分析,给出了数字水准仪i角的含义和数字水准仪i角指标限差的量化表述,供仪器使用者和检修人员参考。     

我国东南和华北季风区树轮气候和环境变化研究进展

我国东南和华北季风区的树木年轮学研究已经经历了30多年的风雨历程,取得了显著的成效,总体上可以分为3个阶段。第一阶段为1990年代及之前,主要工作为树轮宽度和树轮化学。树轮宽度研究引入了交叉定年技术,但对树木生长对气候响应的规律认识不明确;树轮化学方面建立了树轮与树下土壤之间金属元素含量的对数线性关系方程,为采用树轮中金属元素恢复环境污染史打下了良好基础。第二阶段为2000年代,树轮宽度研究在东南地区缓慢发展,在华北地区发现树木生长受到水分胁迫;树轮化学方面开始尝试建立污染历史与污染源之间的关系。这段时间一个显著的进展是树轮碳同位素研究的开展,认识到树轮碳同位素包含大气CO₂浓度与气候要素信息。第三阶段为2010年以来,这段时期树轮宽度研究取得了爆发式增长,大量研究发现中低海拔树木生长对冷季温度显著响应、中高海拔对暖季温度显著响应,还有一些样点的树木生长同时受到冷季和暖季温度的影响,东南地区仅有零星点上的树木生长受到水分条件的制约,而华北地区树木生长主要受到水分的胁迫;同时,引入树轮氧同位素的研究工作,氧同位素主要反映暖季的水分条件,对具体过程也给予了较多关注;树轮化学有了一定的发展,但是仍需要开展大量的测试工作,才能解决测试数据的可重复性、元素的横向迁移等污染史重建研究中的关键问题。

     

长沙都市区生境质量对城市扩张的时空响应

生境质量是评价生态环境的重要指标,掌握其对城市扩张的时空响应规律,有助于提升都市区城乡规划质量和生态管控的合理性。本文在运用InVEST模型对长沙都市区1995-2015年生境质量时空演化的基本特征进行分析的基础上,利用缓冲区由内向外逐层剖析,探讨长沙都市区近20年来城市扩张格局及其对生境质量的影响。结果表明：①长沙都市区建设用地面积从170.26 km²增至487.19 km²;三环线以内建设用地快速扩张,从三环线起向外扩张逐渐放缓;②生境质量中等及以上的区域占比从1995年的43.49%下降到2015年的27.22%,生境质量平均值则相应地从0.46下降到0.31,且退化最明显的区域从核心外围区(5-10号缓冲区)外移到三环线附近(10-15号缓冲区);③各圈层建设用地扩张强度与生境质量变化之间存在显著的空间负相关性,生境质量变化对城市扩张响应最强烈的区域始终位于核心外围区;④建设用地空间布局零散和几何形态不规则程度的增加加剧了生境质量的退化,并在三环线附近区域(10-15号缓冲区)表现最为明显,应成为未来长沙都市区城乡规划和生态管控的重点区域。     

裂隙网络分维及其与渗透率的关系

在前人裂隙网络水实验室试验的基础上,依据分形理论对裂隙网络复杂系统进行简单的统计分析,获得定量描述这一复杂体系的特征值——分维,并查明它与裂隙网络渗透率之间的关系。从计算结果可以看出,裂隙网络(指有效裂隙网络)的分维值与渗透率之间存在明显的正相关关系,这有可能为裂隙网络渗透率的定量评价提供一个简单而又实用的方法。      

天山乌鲁木齐河源450a冬季温度序列的重建与分析

相关计算表明,乌鲁木齐河树轮年表与大西沟气象站冬季（上年１２月至当年３月）平均最低温度相关显著,最高单相关系数为０．６１（α＝０．００１）,给出其在树木生理学方面的解释,使用７个年表序列构成的５个主分量可较好地重建乌鲁木齐河源大西沟气象站冬季平均最低温度序列,解释方差达６６．６４％,通过探讨来自不同年表的同一气候要素的两个重建序列的合并条件,得到了４５３ａ的乌鲁木齐河源冬季平均最低温度长序列,对该     

单位矢的变率及其在运动学中的应用

本文首先推导出单位失变率的矢量表示式．然后将该式应用于惯性系运动学问题，以球坐标系为例导出了曲线坐标系中速度、加速度的分量表示式，导出了自然轴系中切向加速度和法向加速度的表示式．最后将该式应用于非惯性系运动学问题，在导出绝对变本与相对变率关系的基础上，进而得出绝对运动与相对运动的关系．显示出此种方法在研究运动学问题时的优越性．     

Effects of initial soil water content and saturated hydraulic conductivity variability on small watershed runoff simulation using LISEM

Abstract

Soil water content (θ) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s) vary in space. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of initial soil water content (θ_i) and K_s variability on runoff simulations using the LImburg Soil Erosion Model (LISEM) in a small watershed in the Chinese Loess Plateau, based on model parameters derived from intensive measurements. The results showed that the total discharge (TD) and peak discharge (PD) were underestimated when the variability of θ_i and K_s was partially considered or completely ignored compared with those when the variability was fully considered. Time to peak (TP) was less affected by the spatial variability compared to TD and PD. Except for TP in some cases, significant differences were found in all hydrological variables (TD, PD and TP) between the cases in which spatial variability of θ_i or K_s was fully considered and those in which spatial variability was partially considered or completely ignored. Furthermore, runoff simulations were affected more strongly by K_s variability than by θ_i variability. The degree of spatial variability influences on runoff simulations was related to the rainfall pattern and θ_i. Greater rainfall depth and instantaneous rainfall intensity corresponded to a smaller influence of the spatial variability. Stronger effects of the θ_i variability on runoff simulation were found in wetter soils, while stronger effects of the K_s variability were found in drier soils. For accurate runoff simulation, the θ_i variability can be completely ignored in cases of a 1-h duration storm with a return period greater than 10 years, while K_s variability should be fully considered even in the case of a 1-h duration storm with a return period of 20 years.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor A. Fiori     

An appearance‐preserving simplification method for complex 3D building models

The simplification of 3D building models to effectively reduce model complexity and improve rendering efficiency is an important component of 3D GIS. To reduce the data volume while preserving the model appearance, this article proposes a novel simplification method for complex 3D building models. Texture discontinuities are addressed by developing a new data model that records the mapping relation between the texture coordinates of each vertex and its neighboring triangles. The surface mesh of the building model is then segmented into regions, guided by topology and appearance. Finally, the mesh segmentation information is used to derive an improved error metric that considers both geometric and texture errors, and the texture coordinates are adjusted after each simplification operation. A series of comparative experiments alongside traditional methods demonstrates that our approach achieves a good balance between geometric fidelity and texture preservation, and produces simplified 3D building models with better visual quality.