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71.
An environmental survey has been undertaken on the Pacific coast of Canada to document natural background levels of a number of heavy metals, including arsenic, in various species of marine fish and invertebrates. The majority of fish studied from four different sampling locations near a proposed mine site, contained arsenic with levels ranging from less than 0.4 to 37.8 mg/kg (wet weight). Crabs were found to contain the highest level of arsenic of all marine organisms tested. Results indicate that arsenic accumulates in marine fish and invertebrates and may possibly be a micronutrient. 相似文献
72.
Using estimates of the masses of nearly 1000 CMEs observed by SOLWIND from Howardet al. (1985), we re-plot the numbers of CMEs as a function of CME mass on a log-linear plot. The plot is significant in that it shows a linear trend over more than a decade of CME masses. The plot indicates a simple form for the distribution of the CME masses and allows an easy determination of the total mass ejected into the solar wind in the form of CMEs. We find that approximately 16% of the solar wind at solar maximum can be comprised of CME mass. There is no indication that the numbers of low-mass CMEs increase in number above the trend set by the more massive ones. Specifically, there is no increase in the numbers of small CMEs such that the whole of the solar wind can be comprised of them. 相似文献
73.
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75.
Progress in understanding how terrestrial ice volume is linked to Earths orbital configuration has been impeded by the cost of simulating climate system processes relevant to glaciation over orbital time scales (103–105 years). A compromise is usually made to represent the climate system by models that are averaged over one or more spatial dimensions or by three-dimensional models that are limited to simulating particular snapshots in time. We take advantage of the short equilibration time (10 years) of a climate model consisting of a three-dimensional atmosphere coupled to a simple slab ocean to derive the equilibrium climate response to accelerated variations in Earths orbital configuration over the past 165,000 years. Prominent decreases in ice melt and increases in snowfall are simulated during three time intervals near 26, 73, and 117 thousand years ago (ka) when aphelion was in late spring and obliquity was low. There were also significant decreases in ice melt and increases in snowfall near 97 and 142 ka when eccentricity was relatively large, aphelion was in late spring, and obliquity was high or near its long term mean. These glaciation-friendly time intervals correspond to prominent and secondary phases of terrestrial ice growth seen within the marine 18O record. Both dynamical and thermal effects contribute to the increases in snowfall during these periods, through increases in storm activity and the fraction of precipitation falling as snow. The majority of the mid- to high latitude response to orbital forcing is organized by the properties of sea ice, through its influence on radiative feedbacks that nearly double the size of the orbital forcing as well as its influence on the seasonal evolution of the latitudinal temperature gradient. 相似文献
76.
中国当代土地利用对区域气候影响的数值模拟 总被引:20,自引:0,他引:20
使用RegCM3区域气候模式,嵌套欧洲数值预报中心(ECMWF)ERA40再分析资料,分别进行了中国区域在实际植被和理想植被分布情况下各15年时间长度(1987-2001)的积分试验,以研究我国土地利用状况对气候的影响。通过两个试验结果的对比,研究了我国土地利用状况对气候的影响。分析主要集中于气温、降水等的变化上,并对结果进行了统计显著性检验。结果表明,当代土地利用/植被覆盖变化加强了中国地区冬、夏季的季风环流,同时改变了地表能量平衡状况,从而对各气候要素产生重要影响。冬季,植被改变引起长江以南降水减少、气温降低,长江以北降水增加。夏季,植被改变显著影响了南方地区的气候,使得这里降水增多,黄淮、江淮气温降低,华南气温上升;同时引起中国北方降水减少,气温在西北部分植被退化地区升高。植被变化对日最低、最高气温的影响更大。总体来说,土地利用引起了年平均降水在南方增加、北方减少,年平均气温在南方显著降低。 相似文献
77.
Constructions of 'whiteness' in the geographical imagination 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Peter Jackson 《Area》1998,30(2):99-106
Summary Following debates in geography and across the social sciences about the social construction of 'race', there has been a growing recognition that these arguments apply with equal force to dominant groups as well as to the categorization of so-called ethnic minorities. This paper traces these developments through a brief review of recent work on the social construction of 'whiteness' in literary, historical and ethnographic research. It examines some specific constructions of 'whiteness' at the national scale (in the United States, Britain and Aotearoa/New Zealand) and concludes with some empirical evidence from fieldwork in North London, where it is suggested that constructions of 'whiteness' are articulated through discourses of Englishness. 相似文献
78.
Using a recent editorial comment in this journal as a focus, this paper reviews the extent to which geography has been implicated in the ‘colonial project’ in Australia. It argues that recent work amongst geographers involved with indigenous Australians reflects a commitment to transcend this colonial past. The paper calls for geographers to work toward a wide‐reaching decolonisation of the discipline, and to develop a better understanding of the contemporary legacies of geography's colonial past. 相似文献
79.
The breakdown of potassium feldspar at high water pressures 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Pauline Thompson Ian Parsons Colin M. Graham Brian Jackson 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1998,130(2):176-186
The equilibrium position of the reaction between sanidine and water to form “sanidine hydrate” has been determined by reversal
experiments on well characterised synthetic starting materials in a piston cylinder apparatus. The reaction was found to lie
between four reversed brackets of 2.35 and 2.50 GPa at 450 °C, 2.40 and 2.59 GPa at 550 °C, 2.67 and 2.74 GPa at 650 °C, and
2.70 and 2.72 GPa at 680 °C. Infrared spectroscopy showed that the dominant water species in sanidine hydrate was structural
H2O. The minimum quantity of this structural H2O, measured by thermogravimetric analysis, varied between 4.42 and 5.85 wt% over the pressure range of 2.7 to 3.2 GPa and
the temperature range of 450 to 680 °C. Systematic variation in water content with pressure and temperature was not clearly
established. The maximum value was below 6.07 wt%, the equivalent of 1 molecule of H2O per formula unit. The water could be removed entirely by heating at atmospheric pressure to produce a metastable, anhydrous,
hexagonal KAlSi3O8 phase (“hexasanidine”) implying that the structural H2O content of sanidine hydrate can vary. The unit cell parameters for sanidine hydrate, measured by powder X-ray diffraction,
were a = 0.53366 (±0.00022) nm and c = 0.77141 (±0.00052) nm, and those for hexasanidine were a = 0.52893 (±0.00016) nm and c = 0.78185 (±0.00036) nm. The behaviour and properties of sanidine hydrate appear to be analogous to those of the hydrate
phase cymrite in the equivalent barium system. The occurrence of sanidine hydrate in the Earth would be limited to high pressure
but very low temperature conditions and hence it could be a potential reservoir for water in cold subduction zones. However,
sanidine hydrate would probably be constrained to granitic rock compositions at these pressures and temperatures.
Received: 6 May 1997 / Accepted: 2 October 1997 相似文献
80.
Shennan Ian Tooley Michael Green Frances Innes Jim Kennington Kevin Lloyd Jeremy Rutherford Mairead 《Geologie en Mijnbouw》1998,77(3-4):247-262
Analyses of geomorphologically contrasting sites in Morar, NW Scotland, describe the forcing mechanisms of coastal change. Isolation basins (i.e. basins behind rock sills and now isolated from the sea following isostatic uplift) accumulated continuous marine and freshwater sediments from c.12 to 2 ka BP. Raised dune, marsh and wetland sites register breaching, migration and stability of dunes from c. 9 to 2 ka BP. High-resolution methods designed to address issues of macroscale and microscale sea-level changes and patterns of storminess include 1-mm sampling for pollen, dinocyst and diatom analyses, infra-red photography, X-ray photography and thin-section analysis. The data enhance the record of relative sea-level change for the area. Major phases of landward migration of the coast occurred during the period of low sea-level rise in the mid-Holocene as the rate of rise decreased from c. 3 to < 1 mm/year. Relative sea-level change controls the broad pattern of coastal evolution at each site; local site-specific factors contribute to short-term process change. There is no record of extreme events such as tsunami. Within a system of dynamic metastable equilibrium, the Holocene records show that site-specific factors determine the exact timing of system breakdown, e.g. dune breaching, superimposed on regional sea-level rise. The global average sea-level rise of 3 to 6 mm/yr by AD 2050 predicted by IPCC would only partly be offset in the Morar area by isostatic uplift of about 1 mm/yr. A change from relative sea-level fall to sea-level rise, in areas where the regional rate of uplift no longer offsets global processes, is a critical factor in the management of coastal resources. 相似文献