东疆雅西371-西北坡铜金矿化带下石炭统火山岩地球化学特征与成矿背景

新疆东天山雅西371-西北坡铜金化带中下石炭统火山岩属钙碱性系列。流纹岩类中SiO2（73．96％～78．01％）和Al2O3（11．3％～14．63％）含量高，含Na2O为2．04％～4．15％，K2O为2．74％～3．74％，（Na2O＋K2O）为5．34％～7．03％；流纹岩类属过铝质、中钾-高钾火山岩系列。微量和稀土元素分析结果显示：流纹岩类具有Ti、Nb、P和Ta明显负异常、Sr中等负异常，LREE明显富集，La／Nb值为0．4～2．3，La／Th值0．4—1，Th／Ta值高（6～36．5），具有明显δEu（0．17-0．29）负异常，地球化学特征表明流纹岩类可能形成在活动大陆边缘上的陆缘岛弧构造背景中。本区（含矿）酸性火山岩特征对于寻找与长英质火山岩有关的金属硫化物矿床十分有利，因此认为本区具有较大找矿前景。     

吉林省白山市板石沟铁矿断裂构造地球化学特征

断裂构造中元素的迁移变化规律是构造地球化学研究的主要内容.白山市板石沟铁矿断裂构造发育,是开展断裂构造地球化学研究的有利地区.通过对板石沟铁矿17矿组和赵家沟矿组典型逆断层剖面测量,采集构造岩和周围岩石,分析常量元素和微量元素,利用构造地球化学剖面法、质量等比线法和特征元素比值来反映元素在逆断层中分布特征和迁移变化规律.通过分析认为在逆断层中常量元素SiO2、Fe2O3、CaO、Na2O亏损,Al2O3、K2O富集,微量元素中Rb、Sr等离子半径较大元素富集,离子半径较小元素Co、Cr、Ni亏损,K2O/Na2O、V/Cr、Rb/（Ni+Co）在逆断层中呈现出高值,SiO2/Al2O3、（Fe2O3+CaO+MgO）/Al2O3呈现出低值.依据这些构造地球化学特征可以用来判断断裂构造的存在,为断裂构造地球化学研究和板石沟铁矿勘查提供构造地球化学依据.     

Hydrological situation of a typical watershed in the Loess Tableland Area of China over the past 30 years

Due to deficient water resources in the Loess Plateau, watershed management plays a very important role, not only for ecological and environmental protection but also for the social development of the region. To better understand the hydrological and water resource variations in the typical watershed of the Loess Plateau and the Qinghe River Basin, the influences of land cover and climate change were analysed, and a SWAT model was built to simulate the response of the hydrological situation to land cover changes that have occurred over the past 30 years. The results demonstrated that the main land cover change occurring in the Qinghe River Basin was the conversion of land cover from grassland to woodland and farmland from the late 1980s to 2010. Woodland and farmland took 87.36 and 10.55%, respectively, from the overall area transferred over 20 years and more than 18% of the total watershed area. Hydrological simulation results indicated that land cover played a predominant role in the hydrological variation of the Qinghe River Basin, although the effects of climate change should not be discounted. The significant changes in land cover could be superimposed by policy orientation and economic requirements. Although it is hard to evaluate the land cover changes and the corresponding hydrological responses in a simple language, related analyses have demonstrated an increasing trend of runoff in the dry season, while there is a somewhat decreasing trend during the flood season in the river basin. There results could be significant and provide a positive influence on both future flood control and the conservation of water and soil.     

五家子灌区引水对镇赉县低平原的环境影响

分析了在五家子灌区引水工程完成后对镇赉县低平原的环境影响。分析结果表明,该工程可引起研究区内地下水位抬升,减缓当地用水矛盾,改善当前土壤盐渍化严重现象。但是在排水条件不好的周边,如果不加强管理会引起土壤次生盐渍化后果。     

Quantitative Analysis of Paleoatmospheric CO2 Level Based on Stomatal Characters of Fossil Ginkgo from Jurassic to Cretaceous in China

A better theoretical and practical understanding of the linkage between paleo-CO2 and climate during geological history is important to enhance the sustainable development of modern human society. Development in plant physiology since the 1980s has led to the realization that fossil plants can serve as a proxy for paleoatmosphere and paleobiosphere. As a relict gymnosperm with evolutionary stasis, Ginkgo is well suited for paleoenvironmental reconstruction. This paper analyzes fossil Ginkgo species from integrated strata in the north of China using anatomic data of plant physiology. Using stomatal parameters, a trend for the paleo-CO2 level during the Early-Middle Jurassic and the Early Cretaceous was obtained, which is consistent with the estimates by GEOCARB. The trend is also similar to that of Mean Global Surface Temperature in geological time. Compared with three other atmospheric CO2 concentration parameters, the trend of paleo-CO2 level based on the stomatal parameter of the fossil Ginkgo specimens from three contiguous strata is more exact.     

松辽盆地东南缘营城组地层序列的划分与区域对比

从营城组沿革分析入手,立足于九台市城子街镇斜尾巴沟-官马山-团结村营城组地表标准剖面的研究,综合运用岩性地层对比、生物地层对比、同位素年代对比和气候事件对比的综合性地层对比方法,对比了松辽盆地东南缘与盆地北部徐家围子断陷20个营城组典型剖面。营城组可划分为5个岩性段,结合地层序列特征和应用习惯,自下而上划分为下段（K₁y^下）,一段（K₁y¹）,二段（K₁y²）,三段（K₁y³）和四段（K₁y⁴）。下段以中基性火山岩夹碎屑岩和薄煤层为主,厚度60~478 m,以营城煤矿343孔为标准剖面;一段以厚层流纹岩夹珍珠岩、流纹质火山碎屑岩为主,偶夹复成分砾岩,厚度20~630 m;二段以碎屑岩为主,夹凝灰岩、偶夹流纹岩,含煤层,厚度92~640 m;三段以中基性火山岩、火山碎屑岩为主,顶部为中性、酸性火山岩互层,厚度85~346.5 m;斜尾巴沟－官马山－团结村剖面可作为一段至三段的标准剖面;四段以凝灰质砾岩为主,夹泥岩,仅发育在徐家围子断陷,厚度10~400 m,徐深1井可作为标准剖面。     

荆门热电厂厂区膨胀土等级的可拓评价研究

运用可拓学的基本理论,建立了膨胀土可拓评价模型。以此模型为基础,对荆门热电厂的膨胀土进行了可拓综合评价,并将判别结果与分级膨胀量评价法的判别结果进行了对比,其结果是一致的,说明该方法是可行的。     

黑龙江省铁力市鹿鸣钼矿床地质特征

鹿鸣钼矿床位于小兴安岭-张广才岭多金属成矿带内,矿体产在印支期二长花岗岩体中,矿床的围岩蚀变、元素地球化学特征、含矿岩体的岩石学特征等均具有斑岩型矿床的特点,且与国内同类型矿床具有可比性.     

中国煤层气开发存在的问题及破解思路

复杂含煤地层顶板水平井射孔压裂是增加煤层透气性、提升瓦斯抽采效率的关键,而地层结构和射孔位置影响裂缝扩展形态。考虑地层结构特征及射孔位置,建立压裂工程地质模型;基于有限元方法构建数值模型,研究射孔位置、地层条件、垂向应力与水平应力差对裂缝扩展的影响,并进行工程验证,提出施工建议。结果表明：射孔孔眼位置存在全部位于煤层中、全部位于顶板岩层中和部分位于顶板部分位于煤层3种情况。孔眼位于煤层中,裂缝受到界面的“阻隔”作用,对煤层改造有利;孔眼位于顶板,当顶板层理发育,垂向应力与最小水平主应力差大于2 MPa时裂缝能够穿越层理和界面进入煤层,而顶板完整时,应力差大于−2 MPa裂缝即可在孔眼诱导作用下进入煤层,顶板层理和界面对裂缝垂向扩展具有“阻挡”作用,结构完整地层有利于裂缝的垂向穿层扩展;孔眼部分进入煤层,对裂缝起裂、扩展产生明显诱导作用,形成沿界面的水平缝和进入煤层的垂直缝,无论顶板是否完整,都能形成有效改造裂缝。当射孔孔眼距煤层较远、孔眼与煤层间弱面发育、水平应力大于垂向应力或压裂施工规模不足时,建议采用深穿透射孔、分支孔等能够沟通煤层的工程措施,以保证压裂效果。研究结果在陕西韩城某煤矿的井下分段压裂施工中进行了应用,试验孔瓦斯抽采效果良好,可为类似地质、工程条件下的压裂施工提供借鉴。

     

中强地震前朝阳地震台地倾斜异常特征分析

辽宁省朝阳地震台地倾斜长期可靠的资料,在多次中强地震前出现明显的中短期异常,为预报地震提供了重要依据。本文研究讨论了距朝阳台600km范围内发生的10次地震（4．5≤M≤6．2）前兆异常特征,结果表明：朝阳台倾斜异常的时间、形态、方向与所处的构造位置有关。异常持续时间与震中距呈现明显的线性关系,异常形态与地震的空间位置有关,短期异常是判定地震发生时间的重要指标。在此基础上判断朝阳地倾斜目前所处的异常阶段,分析预测了未来地震发生的区域和强度。