Composition, distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of the Gulf of Trieste, Northern Adriatic Sea

The composition, distribution and the sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the surficial sediments of the Gulf of Trieste were investigated. To document the spatial PAH input, surficial sediment samples from 17 locations throughout the Gulf were analysed. The total PAH load determined in the surficial sediment samples are between 30 and 600 ng g-1, and were the highest in the immediate vicinity of the Port of Trieste. The PAH contents decline rapidly with increasing distance from the shore. The ratios of methylphenanthrenes/phenanthrene and methylpyrene/pyrene are sensitive indicators of the origin of PAH pollution in the Gulf which is mostly pyrolitic. The phenanthrene/anthracene ratio was used to determine the approximate location and distance from the source of PAH pollution, while 1-methy 1-7-isopropylphenanthrene (retene) was used as indicator for forest fires. A sediment depth profile indicates a major increase in the PAH concentrations after the First World War.     

1990年代期间b值和地壳形变的相关变化能够确定1999年8月17日伊兹米特M_W=7.4级地震的破裂起始

在30.1°E和30.8°E之间的北安纳托利亚断层系,从平直段到释放弯曲段,其b值从1.1上升到1.7。GPS资料对这个弯曲段的扩张特性给予了证实,观测到的扩张速率为0.3μ应变/a。在该区域断层面解从大量右旋走滑变为弯曲段中部的带法向分量的斜向滑动,这与拉张盆地构造相吻合。我们认为,由于切向和法向断层运动的叠加,地壳体高度破碎,相当于一个短的平均裂纹长度。由于现存裂纹上的低正应力,摩擦滑动被认为是地震活动产生的主要机制,引起b值升高。研究区中的最低b值(b～0.8)是在断层弯曲段和毗连段之间的交汇处发现的,这个地段恰好穿过1999年伊兹米特地震的震中。沿几何障碍体的地震活动数值模拟预示着,在这个交汇处有局部应力集中。因此,b值最低的场地被认为是大地震最容易发生的地方,这个结论被伊兹米特地震所证实,震中离预测位置约13km。在1992年年初,沿断层弯曲段的中部和西北部空间平均b值开始上升,并且对应一个强烈的水平拉张期。由于1992年没有记录到任何大地震,因此假定这种异常拉张和应力的相关变化是由无震断层滑动引起的。根据可使用的地震构造信息,计算出了因深处缓慢位错而造成的地表位移。GPS资料通过深度为10km、等效震级M_W=5.9的正断层震源而得到很好的解释。不同孕震深度的应力变化也计算了出来,基于的假设是偏应力和平均应力下降而库伦应力变化为正的地段最容易观测到b值上升,也就是说,断层已接近破裂。对于右旋走滑断层,满足这种应力条件的地点是b值上升最大的地方。伊兹米特地震的地表破裂仅同研究区西部和东部的已知断层迹线有关。沿断层弯曲部分,地表破裂从地图上标示出的断层迹线脱离出来,贯穿推测的1992年慢地震引起的正库伦应力变化区域。最大地表滑动(5m)是在最大库伦应力变化(～3bar)场地附近观测到的,这表明1992年的慢地震可能已部分地松开了其后发生的伊兹米特地震的破裂面。我们认为,沿复杂断层弯曲部分观测到b值的明显变化可用来描述构造形变在时空上的不同状态。     

Recent trends of population development in the French urban system

"The paper analyses the population development of French urban agglomerations of more than 50,000 inhabitants over the last three decades (1962-90). Trends of net migration, natural increase and total population change are examined with respect to different functional and structural city types. The results show changes of long established growth patterns: an overall decrease of urban growth rates in the seventies and the resurgence of the growth of the largest metropolitan areas in the eighties." (SUMMARY IN ENG)     

Sediment-related distribution patterns of nematodes and macrofauna: two sides of the benthic coin?

We investigated the sediment-related distribution of both nematodes and macrofauna on the Belgian part of the North Sea (Southern Bight of the North Sea) in order to evaluate whether both faunal groups reflect similar patterns in community composition and diversity. Fine-grained sediments (median grain size <200μm) were inhabited by nematode communities characterised by a low diversity and dominated by non-selective deposit-feeding nematodes. Nematode communities from coarser sediments were significantly different in terms of community composition and diversity. Moreover, all nematode feeding types were present in coarser sediments. These differences were explained by the contrasting biogeochemical processes prevailing in both sediment types, rather than granulometry and food availability per se. Macrofaunal distribution patterns were different from those of the nematode communities and seem to be related to water column processes (SPM loading, food availability, hydrodynamic stress) that promote the establishment of diverse communities in the coarser sediments but not in the finest sediments. This suggests that data on nematodes and macrofauna reveal different, complementary aspects of the factors structuring the benthic ecosystem that can be of importance in assessing the ecological status of the seafloor.     

盐湖沉积物的穆斯堡尔效应研究

对青海柴达木盆地察尔汗、昆特依盐湖以及新疆罗布泊盐湖一系列沉积物样品进行了穆斯堡尔效应的研究。对全部样品做了常温下的穆斯堡尔谱学测量,并对部分样品做了低温下的测量。从穆斯堡尔谱的解析结果可知,盐湖沉积物黏土矿中含二价铁的主要矿物是绿泥石,在察尔汗盐湖样品中有少量菱铁矿;三价铁存在于多种矿物和非晶态的氢氧化物中;某些样品中含有少量的赤铁矿,它在常温下即出现磁有序。不同盐湖的沉积物样品和同一盐湖不同深度样品的含铁矿物组成及相对含量不同,Fe2+/Fe3+的比值也不同。这些结果可以反映出盐湖沉积过程中地球化学和环境及气候的变化。     

应用分数阶微分对地震波稳恒Q值的时间域模拟

根据分数阶微分,在时间域应用新的模拟算法求解了Kjartansson的稳恒Q 值模型。在应力扩容公式中,代替2阶时间微分,Kjartansson的模型要求2γ阶的微分,这里γ为0<γ<1/2。应用Grunwald-Letnikov和中心差分近似计算了分数阶微分。对整阶微分,上述方法是标准算子的有限差分的拓广。模拟中应用了傅里叶方法计算空间微分,因此,可以处理复杂的几何问题。合成井间地震实验展示了这种新颖模拟算法的能力。     

致密砂岩衰减岩石物理图板分析:储层微裂隙预测

致密砂岩储层普遍具有孔隙度低、微裂隙发育的特点,岩石内部常含有强烈的结构非均质性.致密砂岩发育的微裂隙使储层具有良好的连通性,促成高饱和气的天然气成藏.针对川西某探区须家河组高含气饱和度致密砂岩,本文选取致密砂岩岩心样本,进行了不同围压下的超声波实验测量.考虑储层完全饱气情况下的粒间孔隙、微裂隙双重孔隙结构,采用Biot-Rayleigh双重孔隙方程,构建致密砂岩岩石物理模型,进而分析了裂隙含量对纵波频散和衰减的影响.基于地震波衰减,构建了致密砂岩多尺度岩石物理图板.采用谱比法和改进频移法估算致密砂岩样本及储层衰减,对超声和地震频带下的图板进行校正.将校正后的图板应用到研究工区,选取二维测线和三维区块,进行储层孔隙度和裂隙含量的定量预测.对比实际资料进行分析,结果显示,本文预测的孔隙度和裂隙含量与三口测井的孔隙度曲线和实际产气情况基本吻合,基于孔隙-裂隙衰减岩石物理模型有效地预测了优质储层的分布区域.     

中国云南岩溶地区乃古石林的白云洞

白云洞是云南乃古石林地区一个长达380km的岩溶洞穴,位于昆明东南70km。溶洞通道的总体方向为N110°～120°E,N0°～10°W,裂隙方向为N30°～40°W,N20°～30°W。溶洞发育于厚层的下二叠统栖霞组,水流发育,正处于近潜水位阶段。溶洞沉积中存在大量