扬泰靖地区地下水硫同位素组成特征及其意义

通过分析长江三角洲扬泰靖地区第四系松散层地下水硫酸盐的硫同位素组成特征,揭示不同层次和地段地下水中硫酸盐的演化规律及其赋存环境变化特点。研究表明潜水中硫同位素值变化不大,8.3‰～10.5‰,而孔隙承压水中硫同位素值变化较大,随深度增加而增大(最高达71.6‰)。在潜水中,硫酸盐源于农业污染或污染物与海源硫酸盐的混合;在顶部地区和沿江地段的浅层孔隙承压水中,负δ34S值的硫酸盐源于硫化物的氧化,与其松散层岩性以砂性土为主、径流条件好、封闭性差和处于氧化环境有关;而在东部的深层孔隙承压水中,高δ34S值的硫酸盐源于硫酸盐的还原,与其松散层岩性以粘性土为主、隔水层发育、径流条件差、封闭性好和处于还原环境有关。     

煤的显微构造及其储集性能

利用扫描电子显微镜研究煤中微米级构造变形,揭示了煤的显微构造变形现象,如裂隙、角砾、碎粒、糜棱质、滑移面等。这些显微构造直接影响着煤的储集性能,裂隙和角砾的发育增加了煤中的大孔和中孔,提高了有效孔隙率;碎粒和糜棱质增加了煤的比表面积和甲烷吸附量,同时也有充填孔隙、堵塞通道的作用。研究显微构造在理论上可为煤层气生、储、运机理研究提供微观依据;在应用上可成为煤层气资源评价和开采的指标之一。      

基于均一化资料的广州近百年气温变化特征研究

利用RHtest软件结合台站元数据对广州1908—2019年平均气温进行非均一性检验和订正,结果显示在1912、1928、1942、1988、1995、2004和2010年有7个显著的非均一间断点,订正后升温速率为1.39℃/(100 a),较订正前显著增加,具有准50 a和准3 a的显著周期。运用DB16正交小波分析其多时间尺度变化特征,结果显示方差贡献最大的是趋势分量,其次是准3 a和准6 a周期分量。趋势分量从20世纪40年代开始呈现持续的升温趋势;20世纪80年代中期至20世纪末的快速增暖是准50 a和准20 a周期分量的上升期叠加于趋势分量的结果;1998—2014年增暖停滞特征是准50 a、准20 a和准10 a这3个年代际周期分量的降温位相叠加在趋势分量上引起的。     

甘肃天水地区45a来强降水与洪涝灾害特征分析

洪涝灾害是一种常见的自然灾害,对农业生产和人民生活有极大的影响.通过对甘肃天水地区强降水和洪涝灾害事件资料的整理,对其强降水事件、洪涝灾害变化特征以及二者间地联系进行了分析研究.现有资料统计显示,天水地区没出现过整个区域性洪涝灾害,以局地洪涝灾害为主,强降水事件和洪涝灾害具有显著的年代际和季节性变化特征.由于当地的土地蓄水性能很差,一般性的强降水就可能会产生洪涝灾害.随着气候变暖,这一地区的强降水事件和洪涝灾害呈增加趋势,建议当前应加强对局地强降水事件的防范工作.     

贵州寒武系底部碳同位素负异常的地层学和生物学意义

贵州境内早寒武世早期几乎都是黑色页岩沉积。最近在贵州福泉英坪寒武系底部却发现了一套泥岩夹薄层灰岩,它为研究早寒武世早期海洋地球化学特征提供了条件。贵州福泉英坪前寒武系—寒武系界线附近的碳同位素强烈的负异常特征可与全球同期碳同位素进行对比,它对应于中国云南会泽小歪头山段底部、蒙古Tsagaan Oloom组顶部、西伯利亚Salarrny Gol组顶部、美国西南、伊朗、安曼、波兰、纽芬兰、英国、加拿大等地新元古代—寒武纪界线附近的强烈碳同位素负异常,它可作为划分前寒武系—寒武系界线重要依据。该剖面上碳同位素强烈负异常之下有8m厚的黑色页岩和硅质岩,在黑色页岩中发现有大量高肌虫和虫管化石,说明缺氧的黑色页岩沉积期间海洋中有大量的生物生活,但到了灰绿色泥岩和灰岩互层的碳同位素强烈负异常层段,则几乎没有生物化石。可以说缺氧事件对前寒武系—寒武系界线附近生物绝灭事件似乎没有很大的影响,而碳同位素强烈的负异常事件与前寒武系—寒武系界线附近生物大绝灭关系更为密切。     

From China’s Heavy Precipitation in 2020 to a “Glocal” Hydrometeorological Solution for Flood Risk Prediction

The prolonged mei-yu/baiu system with anomalous precipitation in the year 2020 has swollen many rivers and lakes,caused flash flooding,urban flooding and landslides,and consistently wreaked havoc across large swathes of China,particularly in the Yangtze River basin.Significant precipitation and flooding anomalies have already been seen in magnitude and extension so far this year,which have been exerting much higher pressure on emergency responses in flood control and mitigation than in other years,even though a rainy season with multiple ongoing serious flood events in different provinces is not that uncommon in China.Instead of delving into the causes of the uniqueness of this year’s extreme precipitation-flooding situation,which certainly warrants in-depth exploration,in this article we provide a short view toward a more general hydrometeorological solution to this annual nationwide problem.A“glocal”(global to local)hydrometeorological solution for floods(GHS-F)is considered to be critical for better preparedness,mitigation,and management of different types of significant precipitation-caused flooding,which happen extensively almost every year in many countries such as China,India and the United States.Such a GHS-F model is necessary from both scientific and operational perspectives,with the strength in providing spatially consistent flood definitions and spatially distributed flood risk classification considering the heterogeneity in vulnerability and resilience across the entire domain.Priorities in the development of such a GHS-F are suggested,emphasizing the user’s requirements and needs according to practical experiences with various flood response agencies.     

Longitudinal displacement of the subtropical high in the western Pacific in summer and its influence

Using the relative vorticity averaged over a certain area, a new index for measuring the longitudinal position of the subtropical high (SH) in the western Pacific is proposed to avoid the increasing trend of heights in the previous indices based on geopotential height. The years of extreme westward and eastward extension of SH using the new index are in good agreement with those defined by height index. There exists a distinct difference in large-scale circulation between the eastward and westward extension of SH under the new definition, which includes not only the circulation in the middle latitudes but also the flow in the lower latitudes. It seems that when the SH extends far to the east (west), the summer monsoon in the South China Sea is stronger (weaker) and established earlier (later). In addition, there exists a good relationship between the longitudinal position of SH and the summer rainfall in China. A remarkable negative correlation area appears in the Changjiang River valley, indicating that when the SH extends westward (eastward), the precipitation in that region increases (decreases). A positive correlation region is found in South China, showing the decrease of rainfall when the SH extends westward. On the other hand, the rainfall is heavier when the SH retreats eastward. However, the anomalous longitudinal position of SH is not significantly related to the precipitation in North China. The calculation of correlation coefficients between the index of longitudinal position of SH and surface temperature in China shows that a large area of positive values, higher than 0.6 in the center, covers the whole of North China, even extending eastward to the Korean Peninsula and Japan Islands when using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data to do the correlation calculation. This means that when the longitudinal position of the SH withdraws eastward in summer, the temperature over North China is higher. On the other hand, when it moves westward, the temperature there is lower. This could explain the phenomenon of the seriously high temperatures over North China during recent summers, because the longitudinal position of SH in recent summers was located far away from the Asian continent. Another region with large negative correlation coefficients is found in South China.     

频率域2.5-D井间波形层析成像及其实际应用

从频率域3-D声波波动方程出发,结合井间观测方式的特点,基于Tarantola广义反演理论,提出了一种频率域2.5-D井间波形层析成像方法.数值模型试验结果表明：该方法对薄层厚度的分辨能力能达到约主频波长的1/4,且分辨率显著高于走时层析成像,尤其垂直分辨率有实质改善.模拟资料的抗噪试验表明：在信噪比为0.8的情况下,随机噪声对波形层析成像的影响较小;而相干噪声对全波形层析成像的影响显著,特别是初至波附近的强振幅干扰影响更为严重.井间实际资料的试处理结果表明：波形层析成像能很好地刻画井间介质的分布情况与储层连通性,对于油藏开发阶段的方案实施具有指导意义.     

湘江长沙段有螺洲滩不同灭螺措施效果评价

为了全面评价和考核湘江长沙段各洲滩近几年来采取的不同灭螺措施对洲滩钉螺(Oncomelania hu-pensis)螺情的影响,采用以系统抽样结合环境抽查的查螺方法,2003～2008年对湘江长沙段20个有螺洲滩进行了跟踪调查.结果表明,2008年与2003年相比,活螺洲滩数、有螺框出现率、钉螺平均密度和活螺率分别下降了40.00%,99.10%,99.74%,51.09%.经统计学处理,各洲滩有螺框出现率(Z=91.560 2,P<0.01)、活螺率(Z=65.133 2,P<0.01)不相同,但年度下降趋势明显.在20个有螺洲滩中,有感染性钉螺分布的洲滩5个,占有螺洲滩总数的25.00%;有感染性钉螺分布的洲滩逐年减少,感染性钉螺的平均密度和感染率逐年降低,2007～2008年所有洲滩无感染性钉螺分布.湘江长沙段有螺洲滩采取的各种防治措施中,药物与环改灭螺相结合的效果远好于单纯的药物灭螺.各种环改灭螺措施,又以抬洲降滩、翻耕垦种的灭螺效果更持久,更彻底.