精密全站仪标称精度的实现途径之二——角度测量精度的保障

大气折射是角度测量的主要误差源,也是实现精密全站仪标称精度的主要障碍。文中通过分析大气对角度测量精度的影响,讨论了利用气象元素直接计算大气垂直折光角和利用对向EDM三角高程测量结果反演大气垂直折光角的方法,同时还讨论了观测垂直角的适宜时间问题。采用这些方法能够有效地削减大气折射对垂直角观测结果的影响,保证垂直角测量的精度。     

海洋溢油光谱分析与卫星信息提取

通过对海洋中原油、重柴油、轻柴油、润滑油和煤油溢油波谱特征测试分析,绘制各油种不同厚度时光谱特征曲线图,是提取溢油信息的基础.经过多年卫星影像处理实践,筛选出各种油膜不同厚度时的最佳卫星通道组合与增强处理模式,成为理想海洋溢油卫星影像制作的关键技术.并应用户需求在影像中解译出了油膜位置、面积、溢油量、漂移方向和速度.     

干涉谱法测量水下竖直运动目标轨迹

以被动测量竖直运动目标轨迹为目的,通过分析多途信号声压场模型,讨论了经过相干多途信道的目标辐射噪声在接收点产生相干干涉的现象。在目标水平距离已知的情形下,给出了干涉频率周期与目标深度的关系,提出了利用多途信道的相干干涉信息来解算目标深度轨迹的方法。时频分析可以得到干涉条纹、条纹粗细变化的规律与目标深度变化有关。通过对实测数据的分析,说明本方法的有效性。     

JOINT INVERSION OF AMBIENT NOISE AND SURFACE WAVE FOR S-WAVE VELOCITY OF THE CRUST AND UPPERMOST MANTLE BENEATH WEIHE BASIN AND ITS ADJACENT AREA

The Weihe Basin is the main component of the extrusion and escape shear zone between the ancient North China craton block in Ordos and the ancient Yangtze platform in Sichuan Basin, and carries the dynamic transmission from the main power source of the Qinghai-Tibet Block in the west to the North China and South China regions in the east. The basin itself plays multi roles in the east-west and north-south tectonic movement, and is an excellent site for studying the structural interlacing, dynamic transformation and transmission. At the same time, Weihe Basin is also a famous strong earthquake zone in China. Historically, there was a strong earthquake of magnitude 8 1/4 occurring in Huaxian County in 1556, causing huge casualties and property losses. In view of the special geological structures and the characteristics of modern seismicity activities in the Weihe fault-depression zone, it is necessary to carry out fine three-dimensional velocity structure detection in the deep part of Weihe Basin and its adjacent areas, so as to study the relationship between velocity structure and geological structural units and their evolution process, as well as the deep medium environment where earth￣quakes develop and occur. We investigate the S-wave velocity structure beneath Weihe Basin and its adjacent regions based on continuous background noise data and teleseismic data recorded by 257 broadband stations in Shaanxi Province and its adjacent regions and China Seismological Science Array Exploration Project, and by adopting seismic surface wave inter-station method and background noise cross-correlation method, a total of 10 049 fundamental-mode Rayleigh surface wave phase velocity dispersion curves in the periods of 5~70s are obtained. Firstly, using the average dispersion curve in this study area, we obtain the one-dimensional average S-wave velocity structure model of the study area, and then we apply the ray-tracing surface-wave-dispersion direct inversion method to obtain the S-wave velocity structure of the crust and uppermost mantle (3~80km) beneath Weihe Basin and its adjacent regions. The test results of a 1°×1° grid checker board show that the recovery is good, except for the areas east of 111° and south of 32° of the study area, where there is almost no resolution. The imaging results show that the velocity structure beneath each tectonic unit in the study area has a certain distribution rule, and there is a good correlation between surface geological structure and deep velocity structure. Based on the analysis of velocity slices at different depths and S-wave velocity structures of three profiles, and combined with existing geological structures, geophysics and other deep exploration research results, we obtain the following knowledge and conclusions:1)The thick sedimentary layer covering the top of Weihe Basin is the cause of low velocity anomaly in its shallow crust, the middle and upper crust of the basin are of low velocity structure, and the low-velocity zone extends about 25km, the Moho interface uplifts abruptly relative to both the Ordos Block and the Qinling orogenic belt on opposite sides, and high-speed materials from the upper mantle intrude into the lower crust, which may be related to the underplating of mafic-ultramafic materials from the upper mantle in Mesozoic-Cenozoic period; 2)The south Ordos Block is not a homogeneous whole, the low-velocity structure of the shallow crust in southern Ordos Block is thin in east and thick in west, which may be related to the overall tilting of the Ordos Basin since the Phanerozoic, as well as the differential uplift and strong and uneven denudation of the Ordos Block since the Late Cretaceous. The crustal structure of the south Ordos Block is relatively simple and homogeneous. There is no significant low-velocity structure in the curst of the block, which shows that the low-velocity structure in the crust does not penetrate the whole Ordos block. We speculate that the southern Ordos Block still maintains the stable craton property, and has not been reformed significantly so far; 3)The variation characteristics of deep structure of the Qinling orogenic belt reflect the deep crustal structure and tectonic deformation characteristics of the orogenic belt which are strongly reformed by land-land collision and suture between North China plate and Yangtze plate, intracontinental orogeny, uplift of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its northeastern expansion since the Late Hercynian-Indosinian period. The deep structure beneath the eastern and western Qinling orogenic belt is different and has the characteristics of segmentation. The low-velocity anomaly at the bottom of the lower crust of the orogenic belt may be affected by tectonic activities such as uplift and outward extension of the NE Tibetan plateau, and the analysis considers that there is little possibility of the existence of lower crustal circulation channel for the eastward flowing of Tibetan plateau materials in the Qinling orogenic belt. However, since the maximum depth from the inversion of this paper is 80km, which is located at the top of the upper mantle, our results cannot prove that there exists a mantle flow channel for the eastward flow of Tibetan plateau material beneath the Qinling orogenic belt.     

强震区轻骨料混凝土桥梁地震响应研究

为研究轻骨料混凝土桥梁的地震响应,以一座强震区典型连续梁桥为研究对象,在考虑轻骨料混凝土材料特性基础上建立桥梁结构有限元分析模型,采用非线性动力时程分析法进行结构地震响应分析,研究轻骨料混凝土材料布设位置对桥梁结构动力特性和地震响应的影响,并从内力和位移响应方面与普通混凝土桥梁进行对比。结果表明:与普通混凝土桥梁相比,仅上部结构或仅下部结构采用轻骨料混凝土对降低桥墩内力并不明显,而全桥采用轻骨料混凝土能够显著降低桥墩内力。轻骨料混凝土桥梁与普通混凝土桥梁地震内力和位移响应变化趋势不同,桥墩塑性发展程度和时间存在差异。采用轻骨料混凝土桥梁方案时,应综合考虑结构质量、刚度分布及材料塑性特性与普通混凝土桥梁的不同,合理确定抗震设计方案。     

2018年2月台湾花莲震群热红外遥感亮温异常分析

应用中国静止气象卫星FY-2G的TBB产品为基础数据,针对2018年2月上旬台湾花莲附近海域震群前出现在震中及附近区域的显著热红外异常,运用小波变换和相对功率谱法进行异常提取和资料分析。结果表明：花莲震群热红外异常范围主要分布在震中SW区域,震前约8个月出现功率谱增强现象,随时间推移,异常范围延纵谷断裂带逐渐扩大,持续近2个月,最大异常幅度超过14。     

东南极中山站陆缘固定冰2011/2012年度的时空变化

Annual observations of first-year ice(FYI) and second-year ice(SYI) near Zhongshan Station, East Antarctica,were conducted for the first time from December 2011 to December 2012. Melt ponds appeared from early December 2011. Landfast ice partly broke in late January, 2012 after a strong cyclone. Open water was refrozen to form new ice cover in mid-February, and then FYI and SYI co-existed in March with a growth rate of 0.8 cm/d for FYI and a melting rate of 2.7 cm/d for SYI. This difference was due to the oceanic heat flux and the thickness of ice,with weaker heat flux through thicker ice. From May onward, FYI and SYI showed a similar growth by 0.5 cm/d.Their maximum thickness reached 160.5 cm and 167.0 cm, respectively, in late October. Drillings showed variations of FYI thickness to be generally less than 1.0 cm, but variations were up to 33.0 cm for SYI in March,suggesting that the SYI bottom was particularly uneven. Snow distribution was strongly affected by wind and surface roughness, leading to large thickness differences in the different sites. Snow and ice thickness in Nella Fjord had a similar "east thicker, west thinner" spatial distribution. Easterly prevailing wind and local topography led to this snow pattern. Superimposed ice induced by snow cover melting in summer thickened multi-year ice,causing it to be thicker than the snow-free SYI. The estimated monthly oceanic heat flux was ～30.0 W/m2 in March–May, reducing to ～10.0 W/m2 during July–October, and increasing to ～15.0 W/m2 in November. The seasonal change and mean value of 15.6 W/m2 was similar to the findings of previous research. The results can be used to further our understanding of landfast ice for climate change study and Chinese Antarctic Expedition services.     

副热带太平洋海气变异对ENSO影响的研究进展和展望

El Niño-Southern Oscillation（ENSO）是热带太平洋海气作用最强的年际信号,其变化会引起全球气候异常,对东亚季风具有重要影响。2000年后中部型El Niño频繁发生,掀起了ENSO多样性研究热潮;El Niño的复杂性也对ENSO理论研究和预测提出了新的挑战。为进一步理解并深入研究ENSO物理机制,本文总结了近年来对两类ENSO的最新认识;特别对副热带太平洋通过海气界面“大气桥”和太平洋副热带-热带经向环流圈的内部经向翻转环流这一“海洋通道”与热带太平洋建立联系的相关成果进行了阐述,并对存在的关键问题进行了展望。     

冈村枝管藻叶绿体psbA基因的克隆及序列分析

psbA基因编码光合系统Ⅱ反应中心的D1蛋白,是叶绿体基因组中一个重要的光调控基因.根据网管藻(Dictyosiphon foeniculaceus)、髋藻(Myelophycus simplex)、粗粒藻(Asperococcus fistulosus)、索藻(Chordaria flagelliformis)、点叶藻(Punctaria latifolia)、水云(Ectocarpus siliculosus)、铁钉菜(Ishige okamurae)、绳藻(Colpomenia sinuosa)、网胰藻(Hydroclathrus clathratus)、幅叶藻(Petalonia fascia)等10种藻类的psbA基因高度保守序列,设计引物,利用PCR方法从冈村枝管藻(Cladosiphon okamuranus)基因组DNA中扩增出约750 bp的片段,将该片段连接到pMD18-T载体上进行序列测定.结果表明:片段长度为737bp,推导的245个氨基酸序列与网管藻、髋藻、粗粒藻、索藻、点叶藻、水云、铁钉菜、绳藻、网胰藻、幅叶藻的D1蛋白相对应的氨基酸序列的同源性均高于96%.该基因序列已被GenBank收录,登录号为EU332142.