云南官房铜矿床矿石矿物特征及银的赋存状态

通过显微镜鉴定、电子探针(EPMA)及扫描电镜能谱分析(SEM/EDS)等方法,首次对官房铜矿的矿物组合和银的赋存状态进行了研究。初步查明,矿石矿物为中-低温热液成因,并受火山机构及断裂构造的控制;银矿物主要为碲银矿和辉银矿。矿石中银与铜呈明显正相关关系,而方铅矿中不含银。银主要以类质同象的形式赋存于含铜矿物或黄铁矿中;银的独立矿物含量低,且多呈包裹体的形式存在于黄铜矿、斑铜矿及黄铁矿中,或以微细粒状赋存于矿物颗粒间和斑铜矿的表面。     

Silicon isotope fractionation in bamboo and its significance to the biogeochemical cycle of silicon

A systematic investigation on silica contents and silicon isotope compositions of bamboos was undertaken. Seven bamboo plants and related soils were collected from seven locations in China. The roots, stem, branch and leaves for each plant were sampled and their silica contents and silicon isotope compositions were determined. The silica contents and silicon isotope compositions of bulk and water-soluble fraction of soils were also measured. The silica contents of studied bamboo organs vary from 0.30% to 9.95%. Within bamboo plant the silica contents show an increasing trend from stem, through branch, to leaves. In bamboo roots the silica is exclusively in the endodermis cells, but in stem, branch and leaves, the silica is accumulated mainly in epidermal cells. The silicon isotope compositions of bamboos exhibit significant variation, from −2.3‰ to 1.8‰, and large and systematic silicon isotope fractionation was observed within each bamboo. The δ³⁰Si values decrease from roots to stem, but then increase from stem, through branch, to leaves. The ranges of δ³⁰Si values within each bamboo vary from 1.0‰ to 3.3‰. Considering the total range of silicon isotope composition in terrestrial samples is only 7‰, the observed silicon isotope variation in single bamboo is significant and remarkable. This kind of silicon isotope variation might be caused by isotope fractionation in a Rayleigh process when SiO₂ precipitated in stem, branches and leaves gradually from plant fluid. In this process the Si isotope fractionation factor between dissolved Si and precipitated Si in bamboo (α_pre-sol) is estimated to be 0.9981. However, other factors should be considered to explain the decrease of δ³⁰Si value from roots to stem, including larger ratio of dissolved H₄SiO₄ to precipitated SiO₂ in roots than in stem. There is a positive correlation between the δ³⁰Si values of water-soluble fractions in soils and those of bulk bamboos, indicating that the dissolved silicon in pore water and phytoliths in soil is the direct sources of silicon taken up by bamboo roots. A biochemical silicon isotope fractionation exists in process of silicon uptake by bamboo roots. Its silicon isotope fractionation factor (α_bam-wa) is estimated to be 0.9988. Considering the distribution patterns of SiO₂ contents and δ³⁰Si values among different bamboo organs, evapotranspiration may be the driving force for an upward flow of a silicon-bearing fluid and silica precipitation. Passive silicon uptake and transportation may be important for bamboo, although the role of active uptake of silicic acid by roots may not be neglected. The samples with relatively high δ³⁰Si values all grew in soils showing high content of organic materials. In contrast, the samples with relatively low δ³⁰Si values all grew in soil showing low content of organic materials. The silicon isotope composition of bamboo may reflect the local soil type and growth conditions. Our study suggests that bamboos may play an important role in global silicon cycle.     

引水工程秦巴段隧洞地应力模拟及工程地质问题

利用Ansys有限元软件对三峡引水工程秦巴段线路不同深度、不同截面形态隧洞围岩的应力重分布情况进行模拟计算,得到圆形隧洞、城门形隧洞和马蹄形隧洞围岩的应力数值和等值线图.利用库仑一纳维尔强度准则,对花岗岩区及灰岩区隧洞围岩的剪切破坏进行分析;利用三种岩爆应力判别指标,对岩爆进行初步预测;进而对不同深度、不同截面形态的隧洞围岩的稳定性进行分析;最后对引水工程隧洞设计中截面形态的选择给出了初步建议.     

西藏搭格架热泉型铯矿床矿物学与矿石组构特征及地质意义

在查明搭格架铯矿床产出的地质背景、成矿阶段及其年龄、地球化学与同位素组成的基础上,本文较为系统地研究了硅华的矿物学与组构特征,加深了对硅华形成演化过程的认识.研究表明成矿早期,矿石中存在大量的石英,晚期全为蛋白石.粒状蛋白石自早到晚均有出现,胶状蛋白石主要出现于晚期.早期矿石出现脱水造成的菜花状、粗粒块状与粗大孔隙状构造及溶蚀结构.晚期出现细粒块状与细小孔隙状构造.在第3阶段存在硅藻Denticula属,体现出低温阶段的特征.由早到晚,矿石的SiO2呈降低趋势,而(Na2O Al2O3 K2O CaO)与Cs2O呈升高趋势,是随着矿石中SiO2有序度的降低而其它成分被保留在晶格中所致.     

旋挖钻机岩石钻进试验

介绍了旋挖钻机在花岗岩地层进行的硬岩钻进试验中钻头的使用情况和遇到的问题.试验中,在抗压强度为100 MPa的硬岩中钻进速度可达10～30 mm/min.     

大沽河下游咸水入侵区含水砂层水敏感性评价

通过室内砂柱的水平渗流试验,对大沽河下游成水入侵区含水砂层的水敏感性进行了评价。对海水入侵治理的注淡压成和抽成方案过程中含水层的渗透性变化进行了研究．提出了控制和减小方案实施过程中含水砂层渗透性降低的方法和措施。研究结果表明：该含水层具有显著的水敏感性特征,注淡压成过程导致其渗透性下降幅度超过了两个数量级;注淡和抽成的流速分别超过21ml／min和42ml／min时,亦能引起含水砂层水敏感性的发生,称为临界流速;淡水驱替咸水过程中存在一个临界离子强度-7638us／cm,驱替水的离子强度不宜小于该值以避免水敏性的发生。     

车载伽玛能谱测量数据处理方法探讨

放射性测量过程中,受仪器本身和外界环境的影响,需要对仪器性能进行检查.介绍了GR-660车载伽玛能谱测量系统,对仪器的稳定性和重复性进行了实验分析.介绍了噪声调整后奇异值分解方法和自适应神经网络模糊系统分析方法,通过处理航空标准模型实测数据来对两种方法进行了比较分析,应用变异系数方法对区域铀含量进行了分析.     

华北东部平原深层抽水井水跃值计算方法及其规律研究

文章分析了目前常用的几种水跃值计算方法的适用性与不足,认为在华北东部平原地下水位变化强烈的漏斗区,这些方法均难以应用。同时提出了C—G法,即一次定流量抽水同步观测抽水井和观测井的水位,合理地解决了区域背景水位对水跃值计算的影响。研究表明,与修正后的多次定流量试验法——两次定流量抽水法相比,C—G法计算结果可靠。然后探讨了如何间接获取抽水期间抽水层区域背景水位动态资料的方法,校正背景水位波动对抽水水位的影响,采用自动水位计(DIVER)同步监测井中大气压对地下水位的影响。最后分析水跃值随时间和抽水井水位降深的变化规律。     

粗颗粒悬移质测验误差分析

本文根据流速与含沙量分布,研究了悬移质积点法对粗颗粒含沙量测验误差.首先指出无论从输沙率还是从悬浮高度看,粗颗粒悬移质集中于河底,致使水文测验中的一些测验方法(如一点法、二点法、三点法等)带有较大的误差.进而分析了各种测法对粗颗粒的相对误差,并且随着颗粒变粗,误差愈来愈大,以致不能接受.这种情况在水库下游河道冲刷过程中,会在一定程度上出现,必须重视研究和调整测验方法.最后通过与长江委水文局在沙市及监利两水文站试验结果对比,证明本文理论上的分析是可信的.