上二迭系碱性不饱和碳酸盐岩区和沿西非克拉通的断裂

西非马里东北部地区,据说是受由西非刚性地块的非活动边缘与东方大陆的活动地区碰撞结果产生的非运动(600百万年)影响的地区。在这里可见有霞石闪长岩、霞石流霞正长岩(foyaite)等碱性环状复合岩体和碳酸盐岩。这些岩石在岩石学和构造学上,与汛非地区Rb-Sr年代显示为560～520百万年的Iforas晚期碱性花岗岩全然不同。这     

Variations in Typhoon Landfalls over China

The interannual variability in typhoon landfalls over China is investigated using historical and modern records. For the purpose of substantiating and elaborating upon the claim of north to south variation in tropical cyclone activity over China, a north-to-south anti-correlation in yearly activity is confirmed in the historical cyclone records. When cyclone activity over the province of Guangdong is high （low）, it tends to be low （high） over the province of Fujian. A similar spatial variation is identified in the modern records using a factor analysis model, which delineates typhoon activity over the southern provinces of Guangdong and Hainan from the activity over the northern provinces of Fujian, Taiwan, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Shandong. A landfall index of typhoon activity representing the degree to which each year follows this pattern of activity is used to identify correlated climate variables. A useful statistical regression model that includes sea-level pressure differences between Mongolia and western China and sea-surface temperature （SST） over the northwestern Pacific Ocean during the summer explains 26% of the interannual variability of the landfall index. It is suggested that a stronger than normal north-south pressure gradient increases the surface easterly wind flow over northern China： this, coupled with lower SST over the Pacific, favors typhoons taking a more westerly track toward southern China.     

Oxidation of fugitive methane in ground water linked to bacterial sulfate reduction

When fugitive methane migrates upward along boreholes of oil and gas wells, it may migrate into shallow ground water or pass through overlying soil to the atmosphere. Prior to this study, there was little information on the fate of fugitive methane that migrates into ground water. In a field study near Lloydminster, Alberta, Canada, we found hydrogeochemical evidence that fugitive methane from an oil well migrated into a shallow aquifer but has been attenuated by dissimilatory bacterial sulfate reduction at low temperature ( approximately 5 degrees C) under anaerobic conditions. Evidence includes spatial and temporal trends in concentrations of methane and sulfate in ground water and associated trends in concentrations of bicarbonate and sulfide. Within 10 m of the oil well, sulfate concentrations were low, and sulfate was enriched in both 34S and 18O. Sulfate concentrations had a strong positive correlation with delta13C values of bicarbonate, and sulfide was depleted in 34S compared to sulfate. These data indicate that bacterial sulfate reduction occurred near the production well. Near the oil well, elevated concentrations of bicarbonate were observed, and the bicarbonate was depleted in 13C. Modeling indicates that the main source of this excess 13C-depleted bicarbonate is oxidized methane. In concert with the sulfate concentration and isotope data, these results support an interpretation that in situ bacterial oxidation of methane has occurred, linked to bacterial sulfate reduction. Bacterial sulfate reduction may play a major role in bioattenuation of fugitive natural gas in ground water in western Canada.     

The distribution characteristics of bacterial beta-glucosidase activity in Taiwan strait

Twenty stations were established in the near-shore regions of South Fujian Shoal (116°10′–119°00^′ E, 21°20′–24°10′ N) on summer and winter cruises during the period from August 1997 and February to March 1998. The distribution pattern of marine bacterial β-glucosidase activity (β-GlcA) has been investigated by using fluorogenic model substrate (FMS) technique in order to have better understanding of the β-GlcA, as well as its relation to marine bacterial biomass, productivity and environmental factors in Taiwan strait. The results showed that: (1) In summer, the average of β-GlcA at the Southern stations of Taiwan strait was 1.94 nmol/1 h. While in winter, the average of β-GlcA at the Northern stations was 0.86 nmol/1 h and the range of variation (0.34–1.89 nmol/1 h) was much more narrow than that in summer (0.31–8.1 nmol/1 h). (2) According to the carbon conversion factor, the β-GlcA was 0.14 and 0.062 ugc/1 h in summer and winter respectively. These β-GlcA values were higher than the bacterial production of the two seasons respectively. (3) The β-GlcA gradually rises from offshore water to near-shore water. (4) The correlation between the β-GlcA and the bacterial secondary production was not so obvious. (5) The correlation between the section distributions, daily varying of the β-GlcA and the bacterial production was not obvious. (6) In the surface water, the distribution character of free-state β-GlcA from bacteria was equal to that of the total β-GlcA in the whole sea area.     

一种测量液态含水量的新方法

1 引言目前,有两种较为流行的测量云和雾中液态含水量的方法。第一种方法使用热线探针,如Johnson-Williams探针(Gayett,1986),或King探针(King和Turvey,1986;Biter等,1987)。第二种方法使用粒子谱分析仪测量滴谱分布,如粒子测量系统公司的     

黔中气溶胶传输的210 Pb和7 Be示踪:I.周时间尺度的解释

认识环境核素在不同地域空气中的浓度分布和沉降到地表环境的通量对气溶胶污染物全球扩散模型的建立和验证、沉积过程示踪和沉积计年、流域侵蚀示踪参比,以及生态系统受天然辐照的评价等多个领域都是关键的依据.自2001年以来在贵阳观风山等地逐周连续采样,对近地面空气和降水中210Pb和7Be浓度的观测结果表明:①因气象条件变化,近地面空气210mPb和7Be周浓度具有2～6周变幅不等的短周期波动.210Pb空气浓度在年内的总趋势呈现出受气温变化的总体影响和降水的短暂调控;而7Be空气浓度出现连续不断的峰-谷交替.②两核素在近地面空气周浓度的低值同步,210Pb/7Be比率较高(≥0.8),显示出海洋性贫210Pb-7Be气团的入侵影响;它们高的周浓度也同步耦合,比率较低(≤0.7),显示出高层大气富7Be气团的输入.③210Pb和7Be的周降水浓度及水-气分配系数在秋末春季较高,而春末-秋季明显偏低.周降水浓度随同期空气浓度呈增高趋势,其季节分界分别为0.2 Bq/L和1 Bq/L;而Kd值随同期空气浓度增大呈降低趋势.210Pb和7Be的降水沉降主要分布在每年的春夏季;周沉降量随同期降水量呈增大趋势,7Be增大的斜率约为210Pb的3倍;当近于零降水时,它们在降水中的初始比率约为2.5.它们出现高或者较高的周降水沉降都伴随当周或邻周空气浓度的急剧下降;降水中210Pb/7Be比率主要分布在≤0.5,并与空气中210Pb/7Be比率基本同步,显示出两核素被降水清洗的效率基本相近.④2008年冰冻极端天气过程中,210Pb-7Be空气浓度同步低谷并存在气溶胶低浓度与高比活度耦合.⑤观风山7Be周空气浓度显示低纬度、较高海拔地区的预期水平;短周期波动反映强下沉气流和低海拔上升气团影响分别在观风山和瓦里关山的滞后性.     

澳洲普洛斯本河现代沉积物环境地球化学研究

本文通过对澳洲普洛斯本河现代沉积物的粒度，营养元素和微量金属元素地球化学分布及其季节性差异的研究，探讨了河流沉积物环境的地球化学的研究方法，阐述了河流现代沉积物的污染现状和规律，为河流的评价和环境治理等提供了重要的科学依据。     

欧亚大陆地震面波层析成像(摘要)

本文介绍了利用宽频带瑞雷波和勒夫波频散对欧亚大陆的地壳和上地幔进行层析成像系统研究的结果。多数周期的分辨率为 5°～ 7 5°。解释结果表明 ,塔里木盆地、四川盆地以及西藏高原的地壳显示低速异常 ;以乌拉尔山脉为界的东欧地台和西伯利亚地盾之下有延伸到上地幔的大陆根 ,它们以高速异常为特征 ,在几个较小的地盾或岩石圈地块之下也是高速异常的上地幔 ,如波罗的海地盾、塔里木地块、哈萨克地台、印度地盾、华南地块等。亚洲大陆东部边缘的上地幔具有突出的低速异常特征 ,西藏北部的上地幔是低速异常区。欧亚大陆地震面波层析成像(摘要)@Michael H.Ritzwoller @Anatoli L.Levshin     

气象卫星遥感技术为农业生产服务

1.前言美国农业部的日常工作之一,就是对世界上的主要农业区主要作物产量进行预报。为此既需要对各种作物的种植面积做出精确的估算,还必须及时了解有关的经济因素(如机械、肥料、农药的使用情况,以及是否采用高产良种等)和整个生长期作物的健康状况与生长活力。利用常规手段进行的气象观测     

黔西南高砷煤的分布及地球化学特征研究

根据野外地质特征结合中子活化成分分析结果,探讨了黔西南高砷煤的分布特征、影响因素和某些地球化学特征。高砷煤严格受构造（褶皱和断层）、地层（二叠系龙潭组）、沉积相（海陆交互相）的控制,分布于平行北斜长轴的断层两侧,愈靠近断层面砷的含量愈高。砷在煤中的分布极不均匀,即使同一煤层变化也极大。在时空关系与元素组合上高砷煤与区内卡林型金矿密切相关。