偏心金刚石钻头

偏心(双心)金刚石钻头在美国进行了四年多的试验并取得了钻进软、硬岩石的良好效果。这种钻头的特点是:     

从钻孔温度看气候变化──方法介绍及实例

地壳浅层的地温分布与过去一定时期的地表温度变化之间有着内在的联系，地温场记录着地表温度变化的历史。由于地表温度是描述气候变化的重要参数，通过对钻孔地温数据进行分析处理，可以达到研究古气候变化的目的。美国东北部、加拿大东南部和中国四川攀西地区若干钻孔地温剖面的反演结果一致表明，这些区域在过去数百年间地表温度均有不同程度的升高。与研究古气候的其他方法相比，地热方法具有理论基础牢固和现成数据基础庞大的突出特点，这一研究方法在世界范围的广泛应用必将有助于揭开全球气候变化的奥秘。     

不同温压条件下蛇纹岩和角闪岩中波速与衰减的各向异性

在实验室中研究了蛇纹岩和角闪岩样品在不同温压条件下的纵、横波速度和Q值．这两种岩样对应的主要组成矿物叶蛇纹石和普通角闪石都具有很强的晶格优选方位（LPO）．随着围压的增加,波速和Q值均增大,但是在相互正交的三个方向上（垂直或平行于层理面及线理方向）增大的速度并不相同,这与微裂隙的逐渐闭合密切相关．在600MPa的围压下升高温度直到600℃以上,由于微裂隙的热扩张受到约束,波速和Q值下降幅度很小．观测到的波速和Q值的各向异性具有不同的机理,波速各向异性主要与定向分布的微裂隙和主要矿物的LPO等构造因素有关;高围压下纵波Q值各向异性与速度各向异性正好相反,可能是由于形成层理面的定向排列的平板状矿物晶体沿不同方向边界之间接触程度不同造成的．     

Development of two novel CYP-antibodies and their use in a PCB exposure experiment with Mytilus edulis

In an attempt to learn more about the cytochrome P450 (CYP) system of mussels, we used protein databases and alignment software to extract highly conserved CYP sequences. From these alignments synthetic peptides were produced and used for rabbit immunisation, which yielded polyclonal antibodies against the CYP families 2 and 4. The antibodies were evaluated with Western Blot and ELISA assays, using digestive gland microsomal samples from the mussel Mytilus edulis. Western Blots revealed immunoreactions for both antibodies. The anti-CYP2 sequence rendered one major immunopositive protein of approximately 49 kDa size, and weak signals for proteins of approximately 41 and 56 kDa size. The anti-CYP4 sequence rendered two major bands of approximately 56 and 59 kDa size, and also a weak immunoreaction with a protein of approximately 43 kDa size. ELISA rendered only weak signals even with a 1:50 dilution of IgG-purified serum. A 10-day exposure to Aroclor 1254 did not appear to affect any of the immunopositive proteins, while total PCBs in soft bodies increased from 14-40 ng/g DW in controls to 373-638 ng/g DW in exposed mussels.     

Measurement of DNA single-strand breaks in gill and hemolymph cells of mussels, Mytilus sp., collected on the French Atlantic Coast

DNA single-strand breaks were measured by the comet assay in both gill and hemolymph cells of mussels collected in 3 sampling areas of the French coast (Pointe du Castelli, Pen Bron and Saint-Nazaire Harbour). Whole mussel tissue samples were also collected for the chemical determination of PAH, PCB and heavy metal concentrations. In mussel, a higher level of DNA strand breaks was measured in gill than in hemolymph cells (p < 0.01). Despite a factor of contamination from 2 to 3 between sites, no difference in the extent of mussel DNA strand breaks was shown between sampling locations (p > 0.05), questioning the sensitivity of the assays used in biomonitoring studies.     

喀拉海沉积物中高度分散的矿物

喀拉海沉积物中高度分散的矿物З．Н．ГорＧунова近年来北极海吸引了广大研究者的注意。这些海盆由于很难进入,所以至今研究程度不够。但正是在这些地方,有可能解决许多气候学、生态学、古海洋学等基础问题。喀拉海沉积层的岩石—矿物学研究是这一研究计划的一...     

Study of A Geo-Acoustic Model of Gas-Bearing Sediment and Its Application in Sediment with Low Acoustic Velocity

A new geo-acoustic model for gas-bearing sediment is proposed based on the work of Dvorkin and Prasad, and Biot theory. Only five geophysical parameters: sediment mineral composition, free gas saturation, tortuosity (also known as the structure factor), permeability, and porosity, are considered in the model. A benefit of this model is that we need only five parameters instead of ten parameters in the Biot’s formulas for acoustic velocity and attenuation calculation. Here the model is demonstrated with the in-situ experimental data collected from the Hangzhou Bay, China. The results of this study suggest that free gas content in sediment is the most critical condition resulting in a low acoustic velocity (compressional wave). The respective contributions of the other four parameters in the model are also discussed.     

Phylogenetic diversity of planktonic bacteria in the Chukchi Borderland region in summer

Planktonic bacteria are abundant in the Chukchi Borderland region. However, little is known about their diversity and the roles of various bacteria in the ocean. Seawater samples were collected from two stations K2S and K4S where sea ice was melting obviously. The analysis of water samples with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) showed that DMSP-degrading bacteria accounted for 13% of the total bacteria at the station K2S. No aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic (AAP) bacteria were detected in both samples. The bacterial communities were characterized by two 16S rRNA gene clone libraries. Sequences fell into four major lineages of the domain Bacteria, including Proteobacteria (Alpha, Beta and Gamma subclasses), Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. No significant difference was found between the two clone libraries. SAR11 and Rhodobacteraceae clades of Alphaproteobacteria and Pseudoalteromonas of Gammapro-teobacteria constituted three dominant fractions in the clone libraries. A total of 191 heterotrophic bacterial strains were isolated and 76% showed extracellular proteolytic activity. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the isolates fell into Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. The most common genus in both the bacterial isolates and protease-producing bacteria was Pseudoalteromonas. UniFrac data showed suggestive differences in bacterial communities between the Chukchi Borderland and the northern Bering Sea.     

海滩剖面模拟试验

引言在过去的几十年间,已经从试验研究和现场测量中收集了有关海滩剖面的性质变化及引起海滩剖面变化的各种物理因素的大量资料信息。根据许多波浪槽试验以及现场观测来看,一般公认的有两种代表性的海滩剖面--阶梯式和沙坝式。Johnson（1952）给阶梯式取名为夏季海滩,沙坝式