基于Copula函数的中国南方干旱风险特征研究

利用1961—2012年1710个地面气象台站观测的逐日降水资料,对中国大陆雨季特征进行了分析。结果表明,雨季最早到来的地方是藏东南、滇西北的横断山脉中西部地区;接着江南地区进入雨季;之后随着夏季风的爆发,全国大部分地区进入雨季。而雨季结束最早的地区在江南地区,较迟结束的地区在华西地区、南海地区,最迟是在新疆西北部地区。就雨季持续时间而言,华北地区和西藏西部及其与新疆南部相接的部分地区雨季持续时间最短,横断山脉中西部地区、华西地区和南海地区雨季较长。通过对多年平均逐候降水进行经验正交函数(EOF)分解,能较好地将主要的降水季节演变特征分离出来,分析发现,第1、第2和第3模态分别反映了夏季、春季和秋季降水为主要特征的降水空间结构。     

Pre-stack Simultaneous AVO Inversion and Lithology Prediction of Shale Gas Reservoir

<正>Shale gas is mainly gathered in shale in adsorbed and in free forms~[1].Shale gas reservoirs have the characteristics of self-generating and self-preserving,low density,low porosity and low permeability,which make the seismic prediction difficulty.But the anisotropy of shale gas reservoir is also 30%-40%~[2].Based on the prediction technology of conventional oil and gas,apply pre-stack     

航空重力测量数据向下延拓基于信噪比的正则化方法的研究

本文研究了正则化方法在航空重力测量数据向下延拓问题中的应用。首先对这种不适定问题的线性模型,分析了设计阵的复共线性结构与其对参数估计危害之间的关系,利用参数LS估计的信噪比提取了各个参数是否受到复共线性严重危害的信息,从而在一定程度上揭示了设计阵复共线性结构的特征。然后提出了基于信噪比的正则化方法（SNR）,以信噪比为依据构造正则化矩阵,以极小化均方误差为目标选取正则化参数。本文构造正则化矩阵无需利用附加物理或先验信息,这对于在缺乏此类信息的情况下运用正则化方法提供了新的手段。最后进行了数值试验,结果表明,本文提出的新方法（SNR）比普通的正则化方法（OR）在滤噪和保真方面表现更佳。     

Nitrate subsurface transport and losses in response to its initial distributions in sloped soils: An experimental and modelling study

Transport and losses of nitrate from sloped soils are closely linked to nitrogen fertilizer management. Previous studies have always focused on different types of fertilizer applications and rarely analysed various initial nitrate distributions as a result of nitrogen fertilizer applications. Under certain conditions, both subsurface lateral saturated flow and vertical leaching dominate nitrate losses. Soil tank experiments and HYDRUS‐2D modelling were used to better understand the subsurface nitrate transport and losses through lateral saturated flow and vertical leaching under various initial nitrate distributions. Low (L: 180 mg L^?1), normal (N: 350 mg L^?1), and high (H: 500 mg L^?1) nitrate concentrations were used in five different distributions (NNNN, NLLN, LHHL, LNLN, and HNHN) along the slope of the tank. The first two treatments (NNNN and NLLN) were analysed both experimentally and numerically. Experiments were conducted under 12 rainfall events at intervals of 3 days. The HYDRUS‐2D model was calibrated and validated against the experimental data and demonstrated good model performance. The other three treatments (LHHL, LNLN, and HNHN) were investigated using the calibrated model. Nitrate concentrations in purple sloped soils declined exponentially with time under intermittent rainfalls, predominantly in the upper soil layers. Non‐uniform initial nitrate distributions contributed to larger differences between four locations along the slope in deeper soil layers. The non‐uniform nitrate distribution either enhanced or reduced decreases in nitrate concentrations in areas with higher or lower initial nitrate concentrations, respectively. Higher nitrate concentrations at the slope foot and along the slope were reduced mainly by lateral flow and vertical leaching, respectively. Increasing nitrogen application rates increased subsurface nitrate losses. Mean subsurface lateral nitrate fluxes were twice as large as mean vertical leaching nitrate fluxes. However, due to longer leaching durations, total nitrate losses due to vertical leaching were comparable with those due to lateral flow, which indicated comparable environmental risks to surface waters and groundwater.     

种植不同植物的人工湿地深度处理城镇污水处理厂尾水的中试研究

利用种植不同植物的人工湿地对污水厂尾水进行深度处理以达到更严格的排放标准.利用5块尺寸一致的中试规模人工湿地,以潮汐流作为运行方式,研究不同植物对尾水的处理效果.经过一年的实验,结果表明：5块人工湿地出水各指标均能达到提升标准的排放要求.在不同植物的去污效果对比实验中,种植芦苇（Phragmites communis）的人工湿地对化学需氧量（COD）、氨氮和总氮（TN）的平均去除率均为最高,分别为24.01%、68.15%和92.70%;种植风车草（Cyperus alternifolius）的人工湿地对TP的平均去除率最高,为71.68%.在不同季节的去污效果对比实验中,春季芦苇湿地对COD、氨氮和TN的去除效果最好,平均去除率分别为52.51%、76.06%和92.04%,美人蕉（Canna indica）湿地对TP去除效果最好,平均去除率为66.72%;夏季对COD、氨氮、TP和TN处理效果最好的分别是种植丝带草（Phalaris arundinacea）、菖蒲（Acorus calamus）、风车草和芦苇的人工湿地,平均去除率分别为15.83%、78.11%、67.30%和91.73%;秋季对COD、氨氮、TP、TN处理效果最好的分别是种植芦苇、丝带草、风车草、美人蕉的人工湿地,平均去除率分别为12.19%、58.82%、83.16%和94.01%;冬季对COD去除效果最好的是种植丝带草的人工湿地,平均去除率为33.39%,对氨氮、TP处理效果最好的是种植美人蕉的人工湿地,平均去除率分别为76.33%和79.43%,对TN处理效果最好的是种植芦苇的人工湿地,平均去除率为94.97%.在以后的实际工程中,可以考虑用种植不同季节、不同指标对应的最佳去污植物为主,并且搭配种植其他植物的人工湿地进行污水厂尾水的深度处理.     

武汉市夏季城市热岛与不透水面增温强度时空分布

城市化的不断发展使自然地表不断被不透水面所取代,城市地表温度高于乡村,形成了显著的热岛效应。城市热岛给城市生态发展与人类健康带来了严重的负面影响,对其空间模式与背后形成机制的研究意义重大。本文以武汉市为例,基于2001、2007和2016年夏季Landsat系列影像使用辐射传导方程法反演了城市地表温度,并采用MOD11A1数据进行了验证;同时,计算了不同时期的城市温度等级和热岛比例指数,分析了城市热岛的时空变化。此外,为了探究热岛效应形成的主要原因,即不透水面与热环境的关系,全局角度使用多元线性回归分析对比了其增温效果与植被水体降温效果的强弱,空间局部角度采用地理加权回归结合地形数据得到了其增温强度的时空变化。结果表明：① 辐射传导方程法适用于实验中研究区的反演;武汉市城市热岛比例指数先增后减,但温度等级高的地区仍在不断扩张;② 多元线性回归可以准确地反映不同地表覆盖对地表温度的影响,R^2值为0.910,总体上武汉市不透水面的增温效果强于植被的降温效果,并弱于水体的降温效果; ③ 2001-2016年不透水面增温强度较高区域的分布呈现“单中心”到“多中心”的变化趋势,由单一集中于中心城区变为了分散集中于三环线附近的汉阳沌口工业区、青山工业区、阳逻开发区和东西湖区等地区。综上所述,武汉市夏季热环境问题仍然较为严重,城市外部地区的不透水面增温强度正在逐渐增大,规划治理应当给予这些地区更多的关注。     

三维地理信息在辅助冬奥会规划设计决策中的应用 ——以2022年冬奥会延庆赛区为例

冬季奥林匹克运动会的雪上项目建在高差悬殊、地形复杂、山高林密的区域,为了因地制宜,减少挖填方,控制资金,场馆设计需要精细准确的现状数据。本文以2022年冬奥会延庆赛区为例,利用无人机遥感、LiDAR技术获取现状数据,制作高分辨率数字正射影像及高精度数字高程模型,搭建实景三维场景,将规划设计方案制作三维模型,导入实景三维场景,进而开展辅助冬奥会规划决策的相关应用。本文成果不仅为冬奥组委会、业主和相关管理部门信息共享提供了切实的技术支撑,也为三维地理信息技术在山区大型工程中的应用提供了有效的方法借鉴,为山区冰雪项目的设计提供了参考。     

基于县域单元的湖北省碳排放时空格局演变特征

识别碳排放区域异质性对于制定有效的碳减排政策具有重要意义。本文运用线性回归模型、变异系数法、Hurst指数和空间自相关分析方法,开展湖北省县域碳排放空间格局演变特征研究。结果表明,1997—2017年间,湖北省碳排放总体呈显著的波动上升趋势,年均增速高达4.74%;各县域碳排放变化波动性存在显著地域差异,整体呈“中低波动居多,高波动较少”的趋势;各县域碳排放变化长期相关性特征明显,整体以中强持续性特征为主,比例达70%,分布相对较广,其中强持续性区域主要集中在武汉市内;各县域碳排放空间分布聚集效应显著,呈以武汉为核心向周围不断辐射的圈层格局。     

空间OLE/ActiveX控件的生成与应用

介绍了空间ＯＬＥ／ＡｃｔｉｖｅＸ 控件的意义及基本概念,探讨了该类控件的实现方法,建立了基于ＭａｐＩｎｆｏ 软件的空间控件,并在其他应用软件环境中成功地实现了对该控件的调用与图形操作。     

Origin of the Gas Hydrate and Free Gas in the Qilian Permafrost,Northwest China: Evidence from Molecular Composition and Carbon Isotopes

The Qilian permafrost of the South Qilian Basin (SQB) has become a research focus since gas hydrates were discovered in 2009.Although many works from different perspectives have been conducted in this area,the origin of gas from gas hydrate is still controversial.Molecular composition and carbon isotope of 190 samples related to gas hydrates collected from 11 boreholes allowed exploration of genetic type,thermal maturity, biodegradation,as well as gas-source correlation of alkane gases from gas hydrates and free gases.Results indicate that alkane gases biodegraded after the formation of natural gas.According to differences in carbon isotopes of methane and their congeners (CH4,C2H6,C3H8),the thermal maturity (vitrinite reflectance,VRo) of most alkane gases ranges from 0.6% to 1.5%,indicating a mature to high mature stage.The thermal maturity VRo of a small part of alkane gas (in boreholes DK5 and DK6) is higher than 1.3%,indicating a high mature stage.Alkane gases were mainly produced by secondary cracking,consisting of crude oil-cracking gases and wet gases cracking to dry gases.Genetic types of alkane gases are primarily oil-type gases generated from shales and mudstones in the upper Yaojie Formation of Jurassic,with less coal-type gases originated from the mudstones in the Triassic Galedesi Formation and the lower Yaojie Formation of Jurassic.Carbon dioxides associated with alkanes from gas hydrates and free gases indicate the thermal decomposition and biodegradation of organic matter.The origins of natural gases from gas hydrates and free gases shed light on the evaluation of petroleum resource potential,deeply buried sediments,and petroleum resource exploration in the SQB.