Environmental geochemistry of calcium isotopes： Applications of a new stable isotope approach

1IntroductionIn nature, calcium has six naturally occurring sta-ble isotopes with atomic mass units (amu) and the a-bundances of40Ca (96.941%),42Ca (0.647%),43Ca (0.135%),44Ca (2.086%),46Ca (0.004%)and48Ca (0.187%) are presented in this paper.These analyt…     

四川稻城地热资源的分布特点及温泉水的同位素地球化学特征

在分析四川稻城地区地热资源形成的地质背景的基础上，初步研究了该区地热资源分布特点和温泉水的同位素地球化学特征。结果表明，稻城县地热水的径流和排泄受构造作用的控制，断裂、断层地带地下径流多，是形成温泉的主要地区。在深大断裂发育处或断裂交汇地带，温泉往往成群出露。温泉水的同位素组成具明显的季节性效应；与大气降水季节性效应相反：夏季温泉水相对富轻同位素，冬季则明显富重同位素；反映其夏季主要受8D、δ^18O值低的高山常年积雪溶融水补给，冬季主要为8D、δ^18O值高的地下水补给。     

广西恭城奥陶纪含笔石地层

桂北恭城奥陶纪含笔石地层过去因缺乏生物化石证据将其划归于寒武系清溪组。1997年在其中发现笔石后重新将时代确定为奥陶纪,整套地层可划分为8个笔石带.自上而下为:8.Nemagraptus gracilis带;7.Ptero-graptus elegans带;6.Nicholsonograptus fasciculatus带;5.Acrograptus ellesae带;4.Undulograptus austroden-tatus带;3.Exigraptus clavus带;2.Isograptus caduceus cf.imitatus带;1.Didymograptus(Expansograptus)abnormis带。该地层与我国广东、浙江、江西、安徽等地区,以及澳大利亚、北美、英国等的相应层位可以对比。     

近400年来湖北大九湖泥炭地摇蚊对湿度变化的响应

神农架大九湖泥炭地是华中地区少有的亚高山泥炭藓湿地,是研究长江中游气候变化及其生态效应的理想区域.本文通过大九湖一根泥炭岩芯的年代学、元素及摇蚊亚化石记录,结合区域古气候资料,探讨大九湖泥炭地地表干湿变化历史及生物响应过程.结果表明,近400年来大九湖泥炭地古水文和摇蚊种群变化经历了3个主要阶段：1820s之前研究区内气候偏冷湿,尤其是1720s-1820s年间,冷湿的环境有利于泥炭中碳的大量积累,较高的地表有效湿度使得摇蚊大量生长,同时湖泊相摇蚊属种丰富度及含量均较高;1820s-1940s年间,区域内夏季降水量显著降低,同时伴随明显的区域增温过程,泥炭地地表有效湿度过低不利于水生生物生长,摇蚊种群生物量极低;1940s （尤其1970s）后,摇蚊种群丰度逐渐回升,但湖泊相摇蚊丰度较1820s以前明显降低,半陆生摇蚊属种丰度有所增加,说明尽管该时期泥炭地表湿度有所增加,但较1820s前仍较低,暖湿气候下泥炭分解也较为明显.本研究探索性地分析了气候变化背景下泥炭地摇蚊种群对泥炭地湿度变化的响应过程,这不仅为摇蚊亚化石在气候变化研究中的应用开拓了新的领域,同时也为全面、精准地理解泥炭地演化及区域环境变化过程提供了新线索.     

深海上浮平台线型设计及水动力特性预报

深海上浮平台是水下装备技术朝信息化、智能化方向发展的未来趋势,对根本扭转我海上战略安全形势、在深远海有效拒止强敌具有重大意义。针对深海上浮平台长期服役、水下快速上浮、大深度耐压密封等特点,提出了一种基于回转体外形的大型航行器外形设计及水动力特性预报,着重解决平台在无动力上浮时的低阻性要求,经过理论估算和CFD软件仿真验证,仿真结果满足设计要求,对深入研究无动力深海上浮平台提供重要技术支撑。     

Hydrogeochemistry and dissolved inorganic carbon isotopic composition on karst groundwater in Maolan, southwest China

The forest ecosystem in the Maolan karst forest, southwest China is the only concentrated, intact, and relatively stable karst forest ecosystem which has survived in the area at the same latitude in the world, and is a valuable karst forest plant resource as well. Groundwater samples from Maolan karst forest were collected from wells and springs during summer; and concentrations of major ions and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) isotopic compositions were measured. The pH values range from 7.2 to 8.3 results from the dissolution of carbonate, HCO₃ ⁻ is the dominant species of DIC in groundwater. Calcium and HCO₃ ⁻, followed by Mg²⁺ and SO₄ ²⁻ dominate the chemical composition of major ions in the groundwaters. Groundwater samples have δ¹³C values in the range from −8.1‰ to −16.6‰, which are lower than that of the other karst city groundwaters in the southwest China. Combining δ¹³C_DIC ratios with measurements of HCO₃ ⁻ and pH clearly distinguishes the principal processes underlying the geochemical evolution of groundwater in Carboniferous carbonate aquifers, where processes can be both degradation of organic matters in the soil and the carbonate dissolution.     

台湾-阿尔泰地学断面阿尔金-龙门山剖面的地壳纵波速度结构

通过分析阿尔金—龙门山地学断面的地震资料,建立了该剖面的地壳纵波速度结构。研究结果表明,阿尔金北侧的塔里木盆地地区莫霍面为50km,而在其南侧的祁连地块莫霍面突然加深至73km,在柴达木盆地莫霍面又抬升至58km左右,然后,在松潘甘孜地块莫霍面降至70km,并呈现为台阶状向龙门山方向抬升到60km左右,最低速层,而在其南部地区则没有低速层出现,推测低速层为地壳中部的局部熔融物质,阿尔金—龙门山剖面上的两个莫霍面坳陷区分别与祁连地块和松潘—甘孜地块上的两个莫霍面坳陷区相对应,指示出这个两个地块具有较深的山根,青藏高原北部的巨厚地壳很可能是由于中生代以来发生的印度板块与亚洲板块碰撞时受到来自东西及南北方向的挤压,使地壳缩短所致。     

Rare Earth Element Patterns in the Karst Terrains of Guizhou Province, China: Implication for Water/Particle Interaction

The authors determine the concentrations of dissolved (<0.22 μm) rare earth elements (REE) and suspended particulate matter (SPM) of typical karst rivers in Guizhou Province, China during the high-flow period. The concentrations of acid-soluble REE extracted from SPM using diluted hydrochloric acid are also obtained to investigate water/particle interaction in the river water. The dissolved REE contents in the river water are extremely low in the rivers of the study. The dissolved REE distribution patterns normalized by the Post Archean Australia Shale (PAAS) in the karst rivers are not flat, show slight enrichment of heavy REE to light REE, and also have significant negative Ce and Eu anomalies. The acid-soluble REE appears to have similar distribution patterns as characterized by MREE enrichment and slight LREE depletion, with unremarkable Ce and Eu anomalies. The PAAS-normalized REE distribution patterns of SPM are flat with negative Eu anomalies. The contents and distribution patterns of REE in the SPM are closely related to the lithological character of the source rocks. The SPM contains almost all the REE produced in the process of surficial weathering. This demonstrates that particle-hosted REE are the most important form of REE occurrence. REE fractionation, which takes place during weathering and transport, leads to an obvious HREE enrichment in the dissolved loads relative to the SPM. Y/Ho ratio can be used to shed light on REE behaviors during water/particle interaction.     

Chemical composition of rainwater and anthropogenic influences in Chengdu,Southwest China

A comprehensive study on the chemical compositions of rainwater was carried out from Jan. to Dec. in 2008 in Chengdu, a city located on the acid rain control zone of southwest China. All samples were analyzed for pH and major ions (F^–, Cl^?, NO₃^?, SO₄^2?, K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and NH₄⁺). The pH increased due to the result of neutralization caused by the base ions. It was observed that Ca²⁺ was the most abundant cation with a VWM value of 196.6 μeq/L (17.3–1568.7 μeq/L), accounting for 49.7% (9.4%–79.2%) of the total cations. SO₄^2? was the most abundant anion with VWM value of 212.8 μeq/L (41.8–1227.6 μeq/L). SO₄^2? and NO₃^? were dominant among the anions, accounting for 90.4%–99.1% of the total measured anions.The concentrations of NO₃^? were higher than the most polluted cities abroad, which indicated Chengdu has been a severe polluted city over the world. The high fuel consumption from urbanization and the rapid increase of vehicles resulted in the high emission of SO₂ and NO_x, which were the precursor of the high concentration of acidic ions NO₃^? and SO₄^2?. It was the main reason of the severe acid rain in Chengdu.The high concentrations of alkaline ions (mainly Ca²⁺, NH₄⁺) in Chengdu city atmosphere have played an important role to neutralize the acidity of rainwater and the pH value has increased by 0.7 units since 1989. It is worth noting that the emission of NO_x from the automobile exhaust is increased and is becoming the important precursor of acid rain now.