Dynamic simulation of tropical coral reef ecosystem being disturbed by multiple situations

In consideration of the rapid degradation of coral reef ecosystems, the establishment of models is helpful to comprehend the degradation mechanism of coral reef ecosystems and predict the development process of coral reef communities. According to the characteristics of complex ecosystem of tropical coral reefs in China, the coral reef functional group is the core level variable; combined with the multiple feedback effects of coral reef functional groups and environmental changes, the study presents a coral reef ecosystem dynamics model with hermatypic corals as the core. Based on the simulation of the assumed initial value and the internal feedback of the system, the results show that in the basic simulation(relative health conditions), the coverage area of live corals and coral reefs generally decreased first and then increased, and increased by 4.67% and 6.38% between2010 and 2050, respectively. Based on the calibration model and the current situation of the studied area, the multi-factor disturbance effects of coral reef communities were simulated and explored by setting up three scenarios involving fishing policy, terrestrial deposition, and inorganic nitrogen emissions. Among them, in the single factor disturbance, the fishing policy exerts the most direct impact on the community decline; and the succession phenomenon is obvious; the terrestrial sedimentation has a faster and more integrated effect on the community decline; the effect of inorganic nitrogen emission on the community decline is relatively slow. In the double/multi-factor disturbance, the superimposed disturbance will aggravate the multi-source feedback effect of the coral reef communities development, accelerate the community decay rate, and make its development trajectory more complicated and diverse. This method provides a scientific and feasible method for simulating the damage of long-term coral reef community and exploring the development law and adaptive management of coral reef ecosystems. In the future, it can be further studied in the ecological restoration process and decisionmaking direction of coral reefs.     

Magnetic minerals in Mid-Pleistocene sediments on the Caiwei Guyot,Northwest Pacific and their response to the Mid-Brunhes climate event

Seamounts are ubiquitous topographic units in global oceans, and their influences on local oceanic circulation have attracted great attention in physical oceanography; however, previous efforts were less made in paleoclimatology and paleoceanography. The Caiwei Guyot in the Magellan Seamounts of the western Pacific is a typical seamount, and in this study, we investigate a well-dated sediment core by magnetic properties to reveal the relationship between deep-sea sedimentary processes and global climate changes. The principal results are as follows: (1) the dominant magnetic minerals in the sediments are low-coercivity magnetite in pseudo-single domain range, probably including a biogenic contribution; (2) the variabilities of magnetic parameters can be clustered into two sections at ～500 ka, and the differences between the two units are evident in amplitudes and means; (3) changes in the grainsize-dependent magnetic parameters can be well correlated to records of global ice volume and atmospheric CO2 in the middle Pleistocene. Based on these results, a close linkage was proposed between deep-sea sedimentary processes in the Caiwei Guyot and global climate changes. This linkage likely involves different roles of biogenic magnetite in the sediments between interglacial and glacial intervals, responding to changes in marine productivity and deep-sea circulation and displaying a major change in the Mid-Brunhes climate event. Therefore, we proposed that the sedimentary archives at the bottom of the Caiwei Guyot record some key signals of global climate changes, providing a unique window to observe interactions between various environmental systems on glacial-interglacial timescales.     

中晚全新世毛乌素沙地东南部气候变化过程

位于中国北方半干旱区的毛乌素沙地对气候变化响应敏感,是研究气候变化的理想区域。通过对毛乌素沙地东南部锦界剖面磁化率、有机质含量、CaCO₃含量的分析,重建了7.5 ka BP以来的气候变化过程。结果显示：中晚全新世毛乌素沙地东南部环境与气候变化可分为3个阶段：7.5～4.6 ka BP,夏季风占主导,气候暖湿,与全新世大暖期对应;4.6～3.3 ka BP,气候突变为干冷并波动频繁;3.3～2.5 ka BP气候以干冷为主。另外,存在5次千年尺度的干旱事件：7.0～6.8 ka BP、6.6～5.7 ka BP、4.6～4.1 ka BP、3.7～3.5 ka BP、3.3～2.5 ka BP。研究区气候变化与全球具有较好的一致性。     

地磁房湿度对地磁观测的影响及解决方案

地磁房湿度变化较快或过大都易引起地磁数据的异常变化,且室内湿度不易控制,地磁房、磁通门磁力仪探头湿度智能在线分析监控系统可以实时显示监控地磁房、磁通门磁力仪探头湿度的变化,超过湿度阈值则发出报警信号,进而可以采用科学的方法控制探头观测环境的湿度,提高观测数据的稳定性、可靠性。本文介绍了该系统的设计思路和主要功能。     

高密度电法三电位电极系装置勘察适用性研究

为了对比分析高密度电法三电位电极系α、β和γ排列针对工程中常见的基岩面、充水断层以及充填型地下空洞等类型地质体适用性的差异,首先建立相关地电模型进行正演模拟计算,并对计算电阻率进行加噪二维反演,再以工程应用实例进行验证和进一步讨论。正演与实例对比结果表明:β排列在地形等干扰条件较小时对充水断层以及充填型地下空洞分辨能力较强;α排列为基岩面探测最理想装置,而当存在一定地形等干扰条件时,α、γ排列应分别为地下空洞和近直立断层勘探的最佳装置。      

Effect of a thermokarst lake on soil physical properties and infiltration processes in the permafrost region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China

Changes in the hydrological processes in alpine soil constitute one of the several key problems encountered with studying watershed hydrology and ecosystem stability against the background of global warming. A typically developing thermokarst lake was chosen as a subject for a study using model simulation based on observations of soil physical properties, infiltration processes, and soil moisture. The results showed that the selected thermokarst lake imposed certain changes on the soil infiltration processes and, with the degree of impact intensifying, the initial infiltration rate decreased. The greatest reduction was achieved in the area of moderate impact. However, the stable infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration gradually increased in the surface layer at a depth of 10 and 20 cm, both decreasing initially and then increasing, which is correlated significantly with soil textures. Moreover, the cumulative infiltration changed in line with steady infiltration rate. Based on a comparative analysis, the Horton model helps better understand the effect on the soil infiltration processes of the cold alpine meadow close to the chosen thermokarst lake. In conclusion, the formation of the thermokarst lake reduced the water holding capacity of the alpine meadow soil and caused the hydraulic conductivity to increase, resulting in the reduction of runoff capacity in the area of the thermokarst lake.     

全张量重力梯度数据误差分析及补偿

针对用于航空移动平台的高精度全张量重力梯度测量系统,深入研究了梯度仪12个加速度计按3个不同旋转轴圆盘形成差分组合的结构。在确认该结构具有有效抑制运动共模加速度、减少外界环境干扰、实现高精度探测优点的同时,着重分析了重力梯度仪测量误差的来源和影响。研究表明,主要影响包括仪器固有随机噪声和外界确定性噪声。为定量描述影响程度,推导了在航空动态环境下的测量方程,并分离出加速度计的性能不匹配、平台不稳定、圆盘转速不稳定3个主要固有因素,从时间域和频率域角度定量分析固有影响因素的噪声水平。试验分析表明,通过利用Simulink仿真系统可以获得固有因素产生的噪声水平,并提出抑制方案。针对搭载环境测量误差,还分析了实测飞行中姿态和质量的改变对重力梯度测量值造成的环境影响,提出了基于点质量源的自身梯度校正方法。     

破坏性地震短期临震预测的一个有效方法--关于短期临震气象要素五项指标异常

为探索Ms≥5．0级破坏性地震的短期临震预测问题,作者从1973年起潜心研究此问题,并于1975年5月正式提出：在震前一个月之内,将会出现日平均气压、日平均气温、日最高气温,日最低气温和日降水量五项指标的异常,这是从气象要素上表现出来的短期前兆异常,这是孕震过程中的短期临震气象效应表现。在唐山7．8级大地震发生前的关键时刻,1976年7月中旬和下旬初,作者依据旱震关系和短期气象要素五项指标异常,积极推动并参与了北京市地震队七大异常的震情告急活动。事实表明：在唐山Ms7．8级地震短期临震告急和宁河Ms6．9级地震短期临震预报上,气象要素五指标异常,经受住了短期临震预报实践的检验。     

荥阳地震台形变观测干扰的识别

分析降雨、大风、雷电、观测室进人、放炮、断电及仪器故障等各种干扰事件对荥阳地震台数字化形变固体潮分钟值的影响。     

A study of soil-dynamics based on a simulated drought in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau

Extreme weather events have played an important role in driving the ecosystem dynamics in high altitude areas,but the underlying mechanism remains unclear.To understand if and how the soil processes of an ecosystem react to extreme drought,we manipulated a once-in-a-century meteorological extreme drought in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau,which is also known as the "forerunner of global weather changes".The extremity was determined by statistical extreme weather events with respect to a historical reference period from April to September during 1962-2004,where the local historical precipitation data was calculated and intensified to 100-year recurrent drought event with GumbelⅠdistribution.The indicators we measured included soil microbial biomass C/N/P and soil enzymatic activities of phosphatase(AP) disbounding organic phosphate,cellobiohydrolase(CBH),βglucocidase(BG),N-releasing enzyme N-acetylglucosaminidase(NAG) as well as soil respirations,during and after the treatments.It was found that the manipulated event induced a rapid shift in microbial biomass and activities,indicating a lower resistance of the underground process.However,the microbial and biochemical parameters saw rapid recovery after the event,which meant the soil processes enjoyed high resilience.The high responsiveness and lag-time effects of the soil indicators rendered new horizons for us to evaluate the interaction between the extremes and the ecosystem stability.Our study indicated that the once-in-a-century extreme drought induced very short term response in the soil biotic process,and the soil processes worked to buffer against such events under the observation period.