全文获取类型
收费全文 | 295篇 |
免费 | 8篇 |
国内免费 | 2篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 9篇 |
大气科学 | 24篇 |
地球物理 | 61篇 |
地质学 | 139篇 |
海洋学 | 27篇 |
天文学 | 26篇 |
综合类 | 1篇 |
自然地理 | 18篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 1篇 |
2022年 | 1篇 |
2021年 | 3篇 |
2020年 | 9篇 |
2019年 | 8篇 |
2018年 | 6篇 |
2017年 | 10篇 |
2016年 | 10篇 |
2015年 | 7篇 |
2014年 | 12篇 |
2013年 | 19篇 |
2012年 | 8篇 |
2011年 | 26篇 |
2010年 | 14篇 |
2009年 | 18篇 |
2008年 | 17篇 |
2007年 | 16篇 |
2006年 | 16篇 |
2005年 | 17篇 |
2004年 | 20篇 |
2003年 | 12篇 |
2002年 | 15篇 |
2001年 | 5篇 |
2000年 | 3篇 |
1999年 | 1篇 |
1998年 | 5篇 |
1997年 | 4篇 |
1996年 | 2篇 |
1994年 | 4篇 |
1993年 | 2篇 |
1992年 | 3篇 |
1991年 | 2篇 |
1990年 | 1篇 |
1987年 | 1篇 |
1986年 | 1篇 |
1985年 | 1篇 |
1984年 | 1篇 |
1982年 | 1篇 |
1981年 | 1篇 |
1979年 | 1篇 |
1977年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有305条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
11.
Guillaume Le Hir Yannick Donnadieu Yves Goddéris Raymond T. Pierrehumbert Galen P. Halverson Mélina Macouin Anne Nédélec Gilles Ramstein 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2009,277(3-4):453-463
Carbonates capping Neoproterozoic glacial deposits contain peculiar sedimentological features and geochemical anomalies ascribed to extraordinary environmental conditions in the snowball Earth aftermath. It is commonly assumed that post-snowball climate dominated by CO2 partial pressures several hundred times greater than modern levels, would be characterized by extreme temperatures, a vigorous hydrological cycle, and associated high continental weathering rates. However, the climate in the aftermath of a global glaciation has never been rigorously modelled. Here, we use a hierarchy of numerical models, from an atmospheric general circulation model to a mechanistic model describing continental weathering processes, to explore characteristics of the Earth system during the supergreenhouse climate following a snowball glaciation. These models suggest that the hydrological cycle intensifies only moderately in response to the elevated greenhouse. Indeed, constraints imposed by the surface energy budget sharply limit global mean evaporation once the temperature has warmed sufficiently that the evaporation approaches the total absorbed solar radiation. Even at 400 times the present day pressure of atmospheric CO2, continental runoff is only 1.2 times the modern runoff. Under these conditions and accounting for the grinding of the continental surface by the ice sheet during the snowball event, the simulated maximum discharge of dissolved elements from continental weathering into the ocean is approximately 10 times greater than the modern flux. Consequently, it takes millions of years for the silicate weathering cycle to reduce post-snowball CO2 levels to background Neoproterozoic levels. Regarding the origin of the cap dolostones, we show that continental weathering alone does not supply enough cations during the snowball melting phase to account for their observed volume. 相似文献
12.
The application of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) as a shell extractant for preparation of soft body parts with reference to tissue metal concentrations (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) in shellfish has been evaluated on the example of the mud snail Hydrobia ulvae, a small marine prosobranch densely present in rocky and soft-bottom habitats of the eastern Atlantic. A solution of 0.1 M TCA was tested on individuals treated according to two different protocols: (1) thawed after freezing ("non-dried") and (2) thawed and air-dried to a constant weight ("dried"). Two points were investigated in detail to improve the method: individual soft tissue dry weight and tissue metal concentration following a standard digestion method. In both instances, the results were compared with those from manually dissected snails. Conditions for total shell decalcification of 60 individuals (3-4 mm long) were 5.5 h in 20 ml of 0.1 M TCA.No differences in individual soft tissue weight were observed between the treatments, indicating good efficiency of the TCA extraction with respect to weight of soft body parts. In contrast, tissue metal concentrations varied among treatments. The TCA extraction of the dried animals had a good recovery for Cd, most likely due to the lower solubility of Cd vital cellular components (proteins and mineral concretions) from the dried tissue. Satisfactory recoveries of the tissue concentrations of Cu and Pb were obtained for the non-dried individuals. This might be related to the specific distribution of metals in the organism (namely in the digestive glands and gonads) and their different chemical reactivity with TCA after the tissue was dried. Limited susceptibility of Zn-bearing protein bindings to complexing with TCA also accounts for significantly lower concentrations of Zn in the mud snail's soft tissue that was extracted. The 0.1 M TCA solution is therefore recommended for extraction of the shells of Hydrobia ulvae for tissue determination of Cd, Cu and Pb; however the treatment protocol does affect metal recovery and thus a consistent procedure should be followed.The extracted metals from the soft tissues and shells of the mud snails (on the basis of both metal concentrations and contents) were ranked in order of increasing contribution of soft body parts to the total (shell+tissue): Pb相似文献
13.
14.
Gilles Tedeschi Alexander M. J. van Eijk Jacques Piazzola Jolanta T. Kusmierczyk-Michulec 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2017,163(2):327-350
Sea-salt aerosol concentrations in the coastal zone are assessed with the numerical aerosol-transport model MACMod that applies separate aerosol source functions for open ocean and the surf zone near the sea–land transition. Numerical simulations of the aerosol concentration as a function of offshore distance from the surf zone compare favourably with experimental data obtained during a surf-zone aerosol experiment in Duck, North Carolina in autumn 2007. Based on numerical simulations, the effect of variations in aerosol production (source strength) and transport conditions (wind speed, air–sea temperature difference), we show that the surf-zone aerosols are replaced by aerosols generated over the open ocean as the airmass advects out to sea. The contribution from the surf-generated aerosol is significant during high wind speeds and high wave events, and is significant up to 30 km away from the production zone. At low wind speeds, the oceanic component dominates, except within 1–5 km of the surf zone. Similar results are obtained for onshore flow, where no further sea-salt aerosol production occurs as the airmass advects out over land. The oceanic aerosols that are well-mixed throughout the boundary layer are then more efficiently transported inland than are the surf-generated aerosols, which are confined to the first few tens of metres above the surface, and are therefore also more susceptible to the type of surface (trees or grass) that determines the deposition velocity. 相似文献
15.
The Guil River Valley (Queyras, Southern French Alps) is prone to catastrophic floods, as the long historical archives and Holocene sedimentary records demonstrate. In June 2000, the upper part of this valley was affected by a “30-year” recurrence interval (R.I.) flood. Although of lower magnitude and somewhat different nature from that of 1957 (>100-year R.I. flood), the 2000 event induced serious damage to infrastructure and buildings on the valley floor. Use of methods including high-resolution aerial photography, multi-date mapping, hydraulic calculations and field observations made possible the characterisation of the geomorphic impacts on the Guil River and its tributaries. The total rainfall (260 mm in four days) and maximum hourly intensity (17.3 mm h−1), aggravated by pre-existing saturated soils, explain the immediate response of the fluvial system and the subsequent destabilisation of slopes. Abundant water and sediment supply (landsliding, bank erosion), particularly from small catchment basins cut into slaty, schist bedrock, resulted in destructive pulses of debris flow and hyperconcentrated flows. The specific stream power of the Guil and its tributaries was greater than the critical stream power, thus explaining the abundant sediment transport. The Guil discharge was estimated as 180 m3 s−1 at Aiguilles, compared to the annual mean discharge of 6 m3 s−1 and a June mean discharge of 18 m3 s−1. The impacts on the Guil valley floor (flooding, aggradation, generalised bank erosion and changes in the river pattern) were widespread and locally influenced by variations in the floodplain slope and/or channel geometry. The stream partially reoccupied former channels abandoned or modified in their geometry by various structures built during the last four decades, as exemplified by the Aiguilles case study, where the worst damage took place. A comparative study of the geomorphic consequences of both the 1957 and 2000 floods shows that, despite their poor maintenance, the flood control structures built after the 1957 event were relatively efficient, in contrast to unprotected places. The comparison also demonstrates the role of land-use changes (conversion from traditional agro-pastoral life to a ski/hiking-based economy, construction of various structures) in reducing the Guil channel capacity and, more generally, in increasing the vulnerability of the human installations. The efficiency of the measures taken after the 2000 flood (narrowing and digging out of the channel) is also assessed. Final evaluation suggests that, in such high mountainous environments, there is a need to keep most of the 1957 flooded zone clear of buildings and other structures (aside from the existing villages and structures of particular economic interest), in order to enable the river to migrate freely and to adjust to exceptional hydro-geomorphic conditions without causing major damage. 相似文献
16.
Philippe Besson Jefferson Degboe Benjamin Berge Valérie Chavagnac Sébastien Fabre Gilles Berger 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2014,38(3):355-362
We report a measurement procedure to determine simultaneously the major cation concentrations (Na, Ca, K and Mg) of seawater‐derived solutions by inductively coupled plasma‐atomic emission spectrometry. The best results were obtained when the IAPSO (‘standard’) seawater reference material was diluted by thirty times with Milli‐Q® water. We obtained an average reference value rK (the ratio of the mass fraction of potassium to that of chlorine, i.e., (g kg?1)/(g kg?1)) for IAPSO seawater of 0.0205 ± 0.0006 (2.9% RSD), not significantly different from 0.0206 ± 0.0005 (2.4% RSD) for seawater composition reported in the literature. The measured Na, Ca and Mg concentrations correspond to rNa, rCa and rMg values of 0.5406 ± 0.0026 (0.5% RSD), 0.02192 ± 0.00048 (2.2% RSD) and 0.06830 ± 0.00047 (0.7% RSD), respectively, in line with previous values measured by wet‐chemistry and atomic absorption spectrophotometry or wet‐chemical titration. Our measurement procedure was used successfully on synthetic seawater solutions and high‐temperature hydrothermal fluids. 相似文献
17.
High-frequency variability of the ionosphere, or irregularities, constitutes the main threat for real-time precise positioning techniques based on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) measurements. Indeed, during periods of enhanced ionospheric variability, GNSS users in the field—who cannot verify the integrity of their measurements—will experience positioning errors that can reach several decimeters, while the nominal accuracy of the technique is cm-level. In the frame of this paper, a climatological analysis of irregularities over the European mid-latitude region is presented. Based on a 10 years GPS dataset over Belgium, the work analyzes the occurrence rate (as a function of the solar cycle, season and local time) as well as the amplitude of ionospheric irregularities observed at a single GPS station. The study covers irregularities either due to space weather events (solar origin) or of terrestrial origin. If space weather irregularities are responsible for the largest effects in terms of ionospheric error, their occurrence rate highly depends on solar activity. Indeed, the occurrence rate of ionospheric irregularities is about 9 % during solar maximum, whereas it drops to about 0 % during medium or low solar activity periods. Medium-scale ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) occurring during daytime in autumn/winter are the most recurrent pattern of the time series, with yearly proportions slightly varying with the solar cycle and an amplitude of about 10 % of the TEC background. Another recurrent irregularity type, though less frequent than MSTIDs, is the noise-like variability in TEC observed during summer nighttime, under quiet geomagnetic conditions. These summer nighttime irregularities exhibit amplitudes ranging between 8 and 15 % of the TEC background. 相似文献
18.
M. Gauthier L. Corrivaux L. J. Trottier J. Cabri J. H. Gilles Laflamme M. Bergeron 《Mineralium Deposita》1990,25(3):169-178
Résumé Des chromitites contenant du platine, du palladium et du rhodium viennent d'être mises à jour dans les Appalaches du sud du Québec. Les complexes ophiolitiques hôtes de ces minéralisations sont d'âge Ordovicien inférieur et d'affinité boninitique. De plus, ils sont étroitement liés à un arc insulaire. Les chromitites à Pt-Pd-Rh se situent dans les dunites de la séquence à cumulat à leur passage aux pyroxénites. Le platine, le palladium et le rhodium sont exprimés soit sous forme d'alliages et de sulfures complexes automorphes ou soit sous forme d'alliages à Pt-Pd et d'arséniures rhodifères xénomorphes. Cette dernière paragenèse accompagne la serpentinisation des cumulats ultramafiques.
PGE-bearing (Pt-Pd-Rh) chromitites have been found recently in the Appalachians of southern Québec. They are hosted by Ordovician boninitic ophiolites associated with an island-arc complex. Pt-Pd-Rh-bearing chromitites occur in dunite of the cumulates sequence. PGM occur both as euhedral alloys and sulfides or anhedral Pt-Pd alloys and Rh-arsenides. The Rh-arsenide paragenesis is associated with serpentinized ultramafic cumulates.相似文献
19.
Two-dimensional asymptotic iterative elastic inversion 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Side Jin Raul Madariaga Jean Virieux Gilles Lambaré 《Geophysical Journal International》1992,108(2):575-588
20.
Gilles Métris Jin Xu Iwona Wytrzyszczak 《Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy》1998,71(2):137-151
Starting from a complex operator of derivation, we give expressions for derivatives of arbitrary order of the gravity potential with respect to rectangular coordinates. These expressions have a form similar to the original potential expanded in spherical harmonics and are free of singularity at the poles. Computing sets of numerical coefficients once for all, we can compute the derivatives with a very limited work: the same functions are used to compute all derivatives by means of a unique parametrized formula. This is very comfortable for further algebraic manipulations. Numerical tests prove the accuracy and the efficiency of the algorithm derived from our formula to compute the gravity acceleration vector and the gravity gradient tensor. 相似文献