An international comparison of governmental disclosure of hydrocarbon spills from offshore oil and gas installations

The cumulative effect of accidental spills from oil and gas extraction in the marine environment can have significant impacts on marine wildlife. Oil and gas operators are typically required to report spill data as part of a regulatory process. We conducted a survey of the public disclosure of hydrocarbon spill data for four countries, Australia, Canada, United Kingdom and United States. There was significant variation in the spill data statistics that were publicly reported by the regulators. No country provided full disclosure of spill data or follow-up actions taken by the regulator on their website. The lack of disclosure of spill data is of concern because the scale of environmental effects is more difficult to assess, insufficient information is available to assess the accuracy of predictions made in the environmental assessment process, and without consistency of spill reporting there is no method to compare regional differences of spill rates.     

不动产测绘地理底图编制初探

不动产测绘地理底图是开展不动产外业调查的前提和不动产测绘成果展示的基础,本文讨论了不动产测绘地理底图的类型、表示内容、制作流程与方法,给出了地籍地理底图和林权地理底图的样例。供不动产测绘外业调查或不动产专题图编制参考。     

《北京卫星影像旅游地图》介绍

<正> 由北京市测绘院和中国遥感卫星地面站共同编制完成的《北京卫星影像旅游地图》(90年6月出版)是一项现代高新技术的产物。该图信息丰富,设计新颖,艺术性强。分析研究该图的特色,对我们今后更好地编制旅游地图,具有一定的参考价值。该图以下简称《卫旅图》。     

The dust distribution within the inner coma of comet P/Halley 1982i: encounter by Giotto's impact detectors

Analysis of the data from Giotto's Dust Impact Detection System experiment (DIDSY) is presented. These data represent measurement of the size of dust grains incident on the Giotto dust shield along its trajectory through the coma of comet P/Halley on 1986 March 13/14. First detection occurred at some 287000 km distance from the nucleus on the inbound leg; the majority of the DIDSY subsystems remained operational after closest approach (604 km) yielding the last detection at about 202000 km from the nucleus. In order to improve the data coverage (and especially for the smallest grains, to approximately 10(-19) kg particle mass), data from the PIA instrument has been combined with DIDSY data. Flux profiles are presented for the various mass channels showing, to a first approximation, a 1/R2 flux dependence, where R is the distance of the detection point from the cometary nucleus, although significant differences are noted. Deviations from this dependence are observed, particularly close to the nucleus. From the flux profiles, mass and geometrical area distributions for the dust grains are derived for the trajectory through the coma. Groundbased CCD imaging of the dust continuum in the inner coma at the time of encounter is also used to derive the area of grains intercepted by Giotto. The results are consistent with the area functions derived by Giotto data and the low albedo of the grains deduced from infrared emission. For the close encounter period (-5 min to +5 min), the cumulative mass distribution function has been investigated, initially in 20 second periods; there is strong evidence from the data for a steepening of the index of the mass distribution for masses greater than 10(-13) kg during passage through dust jets which is not within the error limits of statistical uncertainty. The fluences for dust grains along the entire trajectory is calculated; it is found that extrapolation of the spectrum determined at intermediate masses (cumulative mass index alpha = 0.85) is not able to account for the spacecraft deceleration as observed by the Giotto Radio Science Experiment and by ESOC tracking operations. Data at large masses (>10(-8) kg) recently analysed from the DIDSY data set show clear evidence of a decrease in the mass distribution index at these masses within the coma, and it is shown that such a value of the mass index can provide sufficient mass for consistency with the observed deceleration. The total particulate mass output from the nucleus of comet P/Halley at the time of encounter would be dependent on the maximum mass emitted if this change in slope observed in the coma were also applicable to the emission from the nucleus; this matter is discussed in the text. The flux time profiles have been converted through a simple approach to modeling of the particle trajectories to yield an indication of nucleus surface activity. There is indication of an enhancement in flux at t approximately -29 s corresponding to crossing of the dawn terminator, but the flux detected prior to crossing of the dawn terminator is shown to be higher than predicted by simple modelling. Further enhancements corresponding to jet activity are detected around +190 s and +270 s.     

The 1974 spill of the Bouchard 65 oil barge: petroleum hydrocarbons persist in Winsor Cove salt marsh sediments

Petroleum hydrocarbons persist in salt marsh sediments in Winsor Cove (Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts) impacted from the 1974 spill of No. 2 fuel oil by the barge Bouchard 65. Intertidal sediment cores were collected from 2001 to 2005 and analyzed for total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs). TPHs content was greatest (as high as 8.7 mg g(-1) dry weight) in the surface sediments and decreased with distance landward. Select samples were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with values as high as 16.7 microg g(-1) for total naphthalenes and phenanthrenes/anthracenes. These remaining PAHs are mainly C(4)-naphthalenes and C(1)-, C(2)-, and C(3)-phenanthrenes/anthracenes revealing preferential loss of almost all of the naphthalenes and the parent compound phenanthrene. Inspection of the data indicates that biodegradation, water-washing and evaporation were major removal processes for many of the petroleum hydrocarbons in the marsh sediments. In addition, historical data and photographs combined with their recent counterparts indicate that erosion has physically removed these contaminants from this site.     

基于超文本的万象地理信息系统简介

基于超文本的万象地理信息系统简介张保钢（北京市地理信息中心，１０００３８）１９９７年１０月，国家测绘局和地理信息系统协会组织了对国产ＧＩＳ软件——万象地理信息系统的软件测评工作。作为测评专家组成员，本人对万象地理信息系统进行了较深入的了解，愿把对万...     

GIS中统计地图与统计数据的一致性研究

本文考察了统计数据与统计地图表示方法的一般形式，用维数的概念对现有统计地图进行了重新分类，探讨了统计地图与统计数据的维一致性，对ＧＩＳ中统计制图的标准化作了有益探索。     

被动大陆边缘形成的拆离模式

拆离引起拉伸的固有不对称性导致了共扼型的且具明显差异的被动陆缘。上板块陆缘组成深部拆离之上的地壳。下板块陆缘组成拆离底板，已被断开的上板块残余覆盖。这些陆缘有独特的结构样式、构造类型、隆起－沉降轨迹和热历史。被动陆缘上构造类型的多样性通过同时作用于与水平韧性剪切带和剪切带之下热岩石圈韧性拉伸作用有关的拆离断层上的五个模式来预测。这些模式对被动陆缘上不可思议的构造和地貌特征──陆缘高地、外侧高地、未受构造作用的裂谷同期凹陷盆地及位于高地的断裂盆地作了解释。地壳均衡隆起－沉降历史的数字模型表明隆起－沉降特性的各种型式可用拆离几何学的变化和岩石圈拉伸作用的大小变化来解释。如果热软流圈异常隆起，就可预测有大量岩浆垫托作用。这种地幔派生的熔体的就位可引起有效的辅助隆起。上面板块边缘经受的热诱导隆起由于岩浆垫托作用而具持久性。这种隆起可能是邻接腹地中被动陆缘山脉形成的原因。陆缘高地的上升，或非常缓慢的沉降贯穿了整个拉伸历史，即使裂谷期后沉降到中等水平的深度。岩石圈在中地壳拆离之下扩张，但上板块很少拉伸。大西洋陆缘的沉降格式需要在渐进拉伸的拆离面下岩石圈上叠加一个拉张的板块。描述的共扼陆缘取材于塔斯曼海、大西洋和大南洋，