腾冲热海火山地热区近期水热爆炸的阶段性演化特征

水热爆炸是活动性地热田的典型显示。腾冲热海火山地热区历史上曾发生过强烈的水热爆炸活动，但前期一度沉寂。1993年以来水热爆炸活动再度活跃。在过去十年间，研究区内发生过较大的爆炸喷发事件20余次，且规模越来越大。本文根据对爆炸形成泉点的选出气体化学和氦同位素组成的测试结果，研究了区内近期水热爆炸活动的演化特征。逸出气体化学和氦同位素组成特征指示，区内近期引发水热爆炸活动的气体源区有从浅层、中层向深层发展的趋势；作者认为，区内未来可能发生更大规模的爆炸活动，其危险性应引起高度关注。     

Vertical structures of PM10 and PM 2.5 and their dynamical character in low atmosphere in Beijing urban areas

The vertical structures and their dynamical character of PM2.5 and PM10 over Beijing urban areas are revealed using the 1 min mean continuous mass concentration data of PM2.5 and PM10 at 8, 100, and 320 m heights of the meteorological observation tower of 325 m at Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IAP CAS tower hereafter) on 10―26 August, 2003, as well as the daily mean mass concentration data of PM2.5 and PM10 and the continuous data of CO and NO2 at 8, 100 (low layer), 200 (middle layer), and 320 m (high layer) heights, in combination with the same period meteorological field observation data of the meteorological tower. The vertical distributions of aerosols observed on IAP CAS tower in Beijing can be roughly divided into two patterns: gradually and rapidly decreasing patterns, I.e. The vertical distribution of aerosols in calm weather or on pollution day belongs to the gradually decreasing pattern, while one on clean day or weak cold air day belongs to the rapidly decreasing pattern. The vertical distributive characters of aerosols were closely related with the dynamical/thermal structure and turbulence character of the atmosphere boundary layer. On the clean day, the low layer PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were close to those at 8 m height, while the concentrations rapidly decreased at the high layer, and their values were only one half of those at 8 m, especially, the concentration of PM2.5 dropped even more. On the clean day, there existed stronger turbulence below 150 m, aerosols were well mixed, but blocked by the more stronger inversion layer aloft, and meanwhile, at various heights, especially in the high layer, the horizontal wind speed was larger, resulting in the rapid decrease of aerosol concentration, I.e. Resulting in the obvious vertical difference of aerosol concentrations between the low and high layers. On the pollution day, the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 at the low, middle, and high layers dropped successively by, on average, about 10% for each layer in comparison with those at 8 m height. On pollution days, in company with the low wind speed, there existed two shallow inversion layers in the boundary layer, but aerosols might be, to some extent, mixed below the inversion layer, therefore, on the pollution day the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 dropped with height slowly; and the observational results also show that the concentrations at 320 m height were obviously high under SW and SE winds, but at other heights, the concentrations were not correlated with wind directions. The computational results of footprint analysis suggest that this was due to the fact that the 320 m height was impacted by the pollutants transfer of southerly flow from the southern peripheral heavier polluted areas, such as Baoding, and Shijiazhuang of Hebei Province, Tianjin, and Shandong Province, etc., while the low layer was only affected by Beijing's local pollution source. The computational results of power spectra and periods preliminarily reveal that under the condition of calm weather, the periods of PM10 concentration at various heights of the tower were on the order of minutes, while in cases of larger wind speed, the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 at 320 m height not only had the short periods of minute-order, but also the longer periods of hour order. Consistent with the conclusion previously drawn by Ding et al., that air pollutants at different heights and at different sites in Beijing had the character of "in-phase" variation, was also observed for the diurnal variation and mean diurnal variation of PM2.5 and PM10 at various heights of the tower in this experiment, again confirming the "in-phase" temporal/spatial distributive character of air pollutants in the urban canopy of Beijing. The gentle double-peak character of the mean diurnal variation of PM2.5 and PM10 was closely related with the evident/similar diurnal variation of turbulent momentum fluxes, sensible heat fluxes, and turbulent kinetic energy at various heights in the urban canopy. Besides, under the condition of calm weather, the concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 declined with height slowly, it was 90% of 8 m concentration at the low layer, a little lesser than 90% at the middle layer, and 80% at the high layer, respectively. Under the condition of weak cold air weather, the concentration remarkably dropped with height, it was 70% of 8 m concentration at the low layer, and 20%―30% at the middle and high layers, especially the concentration of PM2.5 was even lower.     

海沟影响下深水海洋管线成环行为研究

在深水海洋管线的安装过程中,制造工艺的偏差和外部环境的影响易导致管线上不均匀的扭矩分布,在张力的共同作用下,管线在其触地区可能出现“成环”现象,受到严重损伤,而海洋管线的触地区也是海沟集中形成的区域。为了研究海沟对海洋管线成环行为的影响,基于OrcaFlex软件和构建海沟模型的经验公式,建立了深水悬链线立管和海沟的三维数值模型。就海沟轮廓、位置和土壤属性对立管成环行为的影响展开参数分析,并研究了不同工况下成环的临界载荷。研究表明：海沟的产生和扩展、立管相对海沟的合理位置以及土壤参数中海床表面不排水抗剪强度和吸力因子的增加,可有效降低立管成环过程中的最大压缩力和最大弯矩,从而减少成环引起的损伤;临界载荷的分析则有助于对成环的临界条件进行预测,避免成环现象的发生。     

深海无人系统大长径比环肋圆柱壳结构设计与试验研究

环肋圆柱壳是深海无人系统广泛采用的一种耐压结构形式,保障其结构安全是系统研制过程中非常重要的一环。针对环肋圆柱壳的结构特征推导了组合结构重量关系式和结构参数简化估算方法,并以一种超长型深海无人系统耐压结构为例,围绕大长径比环肋圆柱壳的结构形式、设计计算、仿真分析、模型验证等开展研究。研究表明提出的大长径比环肋圆柱壳结构设计参数简化估算方法具有较好的适应性。相关计算和分析结果可以为该型深海无人系统结构设计提供技术支撑,也可以为其他类似耐压结构设计提供参考。     

海洋灾害地质风险评价在辽东湾浅海油气开发区的应用

基于在辽东湾浅海油田多年调查获取的地质地球物理资料,构建以油气开发区潜在灾害地质类型为基础的灾害地质风险评价指标体系,确定潮流冲刷槽、浅滩、埋藏古河道、易液化砂层、软弱地层和浅层气等6个评价指标,利用层次分析法(AHP)确定各指标的权重值,采用模糊数学评判法对海区灾害地质风险性作定量评价。评价结果划为5级风险区(风险高、较高、中等、较低和低),其中,潮流冲刷槽为本区的高风险区,地势平缓的潮滩为低风险区。评价结果与区内已建海洋工程的评价分析相互印证,对海上工程建设具有实际应用价值。     

按新旧规范设计的多层住宅砖房地震易损性的对比

本文采用概率方法借助于拉丁超立方采样技术和非线性地震反应时程分析对按现行规范设计的多层住宅砖房的地震易损性进行分析,并与按上一代规范设计的多层住宅砖房的地震易损性分析结果[1]进行了比较,为进一步研究这类结构的地震安全性、未来地震的损失预测以及防震减灾对策奠定基础。     

基于浮游有孔虫重建的南海北部400 ka以来上层水体结构变化及其对东亚季风的响应

现代南海上层水体结构具有鲜明的季节特征,反映了季节性风场通过动力与热力过程施加的强烈影响;这种风场对上层水体结构的调控同样存在于地质历史时期,借此,长时间尺度上的东亚季风强度变化能够在南海沉积中留下记录,对相关高分辨率样品的研究继而可以从海洋的角度发掘出新的季风信息,成为对现有古季风资料的重要补充。本研究利用南海北部岩芯总长为50.8 m的MD12-3432站位（19°16.88'N,116°14.52'E;水深2125 m）高分辨率沉积样品,通过浮游有孔虫属种组合及其转换函数恢复了400 ka以来冬、夏季海水表层温度及温跃层深度,并对其进行频谱分析,同时对比现代观测资料及黄土粒度等古季风记录,讨论了海表温度、温跃层深度变化与东亚季风强度、表层环流格局等因素的关系。结果表明,晚更新世以来南海北部海表温度具有显著的100 ka冰期-间冰期旋回,冬季海表温度降幅可达8℃,是冰期冬季风增强与表层环流变化的共同结果。此外,冬季海表温度与温跃层深度重建结果均具有明显的67 ka周期,可能代表了东亚冬季风风速在南海北部的变化周期。同时,温跃层深度中未出现100 ka周期,可能指示冰期-间冰期旋回中表层环流的变化对其影响较弱,温跃层的加深主要由东亚冬季风的增强造成。

     

Dark respiration in the light and in darkness of three marine macroalgal species grown under ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations

Dark respiration (non-photorespiratory mitochondrial respiration),which occurs both in the light and in darkness,is vital for growth and survival of algae and plays a critical role in modulating the carbon balance of them.In the present study,we have investigated dark respiration in the light (R L) and in darkness (R D) in three marine macroalgal species,Hizikia fusiformis (phaeophyta),Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta) and Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta),cultured at 20℃ using aeration with two CO 2 conditions:current ambient (CO 2 concentration about 380 μl/L) and elevated CO 2 (approximately 720 μl/L) air.R L was estimated by using the Kok method,whereas R D was determined as the rate of O 2 influx at zero light.The results showed that both R L and R D were unchanged for the elevated CO 2-grown algae relative to ambient CO 2 concentration for all the algal species tested.However,R L was significantly lower than R D across all the algal species and growth CO 2 treatments,demonstrating that daytime respiration was partly depressed by the light.The percentage of inhibition of respiration by light was similar between ambient and elevated CO 2 grown algae.The ratio of respiration to photosynthesis,which tended to decrease when estimated using R L instead of R D,was not altered for the elevated relative to ambient CO 2 concentration.The results suggest that R L,rather than R D,is a more accurate estimate of nonphotorespiratory carbon loss in marine macroalgae during the daytime.It would not be anticipated that elevated atmospheric CO 2 would exert a substantial influence on respiratory flux either in the light or in darkness in these particular marine macroalgal species.     

一种基于面积对称模型的土地利用/覆被真伪变化图斑检测方法

不同时相土地利用/覆被数据间的空间配准误差,是产生土地利用/覆被伪变化图斑的一个主要原因。本文从土地利用/覆被原始图斑与其相邻的变化图斑间的空间关系角度,提出了由同一原始图斑产生的土地利用/覆被伪变化图斑的面积对称理论,设计和实现了针对因空间配准误差而导致的土地利用/覆被伪变化图斑自动化检测模型,并以内蒙古自治区通辽市奈曼旗1980年和2000年两期土地利用/覆被图对该模型进行了实验模拟。结果表明：当两期数据的空间配准误差不超过原始影像1个像元时,总体检测精度达到90%以上;误差不超过5个像元时,总体检测精度达到80%以上;误差不超过原始影像10个像元时,总体检测精度达到70％以上。同时,由于运行时唯一需设定的面积对称系数阈值可设为0.2-0.4（默认设为0.3）,该检测模型可适用于由空间配准误差引起的伪变化图斑的自动检查,可满足由于空间配准误差所引起土地利用/覆被伪变化图斑剔除的需求。     

产新琼四糖的海洋微泡菌属AG1热稳定性β-琼胶酶的过量表达与鉴定

从微泡菌属AG1（Microbulbifer sp. AG1）克隆得到1302 bp大小的琼胶酶基因,该基因编码产物为一个成熟蛋白（413个氨基酸残基）外加一个信号肽（20个残基）。将不含信号肽片段的琼胶酶在E. coli BL21 （DE3）中进行了异源表达和纯化。使用琼脂糖作为底物,该重组琼胶酶的最适反应温度和pH分别为60℃和7.5。该重组酶表现出优良的热稳定性,在50℃和60℃下处理1 h,重组琼胶酶仍能分别保持67%和19%的残余酶活力。除了SDS,重组琼胶酶对于其他测试的抑制剂、去垢剂和尿素变性剂有着较好的抗性。利用薄层色谱和以对硝基苯-α/β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷为底物的酶活力分析结果表明,该重组琼胶酶为β型琼胶酶,它水解琼脂糖的主要终产物为新琼四糖,而且不同聚合度的酶解产物具有抗氧化活性。