Vertical distributions of aerosol optical properties during haze and floating dust weather in Shanghai

A comparative study on the vertical distributions of aerosol optical properties during haze and floating dust weather in Shanghai was conducted based on the data obtained from a micro pulse lidar.There was a distinct difference in layer thickness and extinction coefficient under the two types of weather conditions.Aerosols were concentrated below 1 km and the aerosol extinction coefficients ranged from 0.25 to 1.50km^-1 on haze days.In contrast,aerosols with smaller extinction coefficients(0.20 0.35 km^-1) accumulated mainly from the surface to 2 km on floating dust days.The seasonal variations of extinction and aerosol optical depth（AOD） for both haze and floating dust cases were similar greatest in winter,smaller in spring,and smallest in autumn.More than 85%of the aerosols appeared in the atmosphere below 1 km during severe haze and floating dust weather.The diurnal variation of the extinction coefficient of haze exhibited a bimodal shape with two peaks in the morning or at noon,and at nightfall,respectively.The aerosol extinction coefficient gradually increased throughout the day during floating dust weather.Case studies showed that haze aerosols were generated from the surface and then lifted up,but floating dust aerosols were transported vertically from higher altitude to the surface.The AOD during floating dust weather was higher than that during haze.The boundary layer was more stable during haze than during floating dust weather.     

桩头侧向集中荷载作用下桩—土系统的非线性动力性能分析

在对侧向动荷作用下桩－土相互作用系统的数值模拟方法进行了评述之后，一个三维显式有限元模型被用来描述桩－土系统，以分析其在施加于桩头的侧向脉冲式动载作用下的非线性动力性能，其中混凝土桩被考虑为线弹性材料，而桩周土体被模拟为一种可进入破坏状态的弹塑性材料，同时滑移界面单元被用来模拟桩、土间的滑移和分离。计算结果表明，桩－土系统的侧向动力性能由桩头的约束条件和地表以下一定深度内的系统上部的性能参数所控制     

云南强震地下流体源兆特征研究

区分"源兆"与"场兆",系地震预测探索中的重要课题。根据云南4组6级以上地震的地下流体前兆异常资料,系统分析了强震源兆的流体前兆异常特征。结果表明,在6级多强震的源兆区,即震中距100 km范围内,异常项目计有水位、水温、水氡、水汞及气汞;以中期、短期异常为主,临震异常很少;源兆异常台站和台项的比例均高于场兆。这些流体源兆特征的认识,可为利用流体异常判断地震危险区提供一定依据。     

一次大冰雹过程的成因初探

2006年7月12日下午5时前后,阳泉市遭受严重的冰雹、暴雨袭击,造成部分乡镇农作物受害,直接经济损失在3 000万元以上。为此我们以这次大冰雹天气过程为例,应用《阳泉市冰雹短期预报系统》、FY2C云图资料、多普勒雷达资料等方法,初步探索大冰雹天气的成因,以及在大冰雹出现前冰雹云的一些特殊结构特征,为今后的预报提供一些有价值的,有指示意义的预报指标。     

Characteristics of carbonyl compounds in ambient air of Shanghai,China

The levels of carbonyl compounds in Shanghai ambient air were measured in five periods from January 2007 to October 2007 (covering winter, high-air-pollution days, spring, summer and autumn). A total of 114 samples were collected and eighteen carbonyls were identified. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone were the most abundant carbonyls and their mean concentrations of 19.40 ± 12.00, 15.92 ± 12.07 and 11.86 ± 7.04 μg m⁻³ respectively, in the daytime for five sampling periods. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde showed similar diurnal profiles with peak mixing ratios in the morning and early afternoon during the daytime. Their mean concentrations were highest in summer and lowest in winter. Acetone showed reversed seasonal variation. The high molecular weight (HMW, ≥C5) carbonyls also showed obvious diurnal variations with higher concentrations in the daytime in summer and autumn, while they were all not detected in winter. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde played an important role in removing OH radicals in the atmosphere, but the contribution of acetone was below 1%. The carbonyls levels in high-air-pollution days were reported. More carbonyl species with higher concentrations were found in high-air-pollution days than in spring. These carbonyls were transported with other pollutants from north and northwest in March 27 to April 2, 2007 and then mixed with local sources. Comparing with Beijing and Guangzhou, the concentrations of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in Shanghai were the highest, which indicated that the air pollution in Shanghai was even worse than expected.     

近场强震动记录基线校正方法的振动台实验研究

为了获取近场永久位移,通常采用基线校正方法,对近场加速度记录进行基线校正并积分得到永久位移值,但这一结果主观性较强,其可靠性也往往缺乏验证。为了解决这一问题,本文提出了一种能产生包含永久位移振动过程的振动台实验方案,采用振动台加滑动机构的方法,模拟记录到永久位移台站测点的真实振动情况;在实验中分别采用加速度计、摄影测量方法分别直接得到加速度和位移时程,对加速度时程进行基线校正并积分得到位移时程,将其与直接获得的位移时程进行对比,以验证采用基线校正方法的有效性。实验结果表明,在实验室条件下采用现有的基线校正方法校正后,通过积分能得到可以接受的位移时程。     

冻融循环下含节理类岩石试样剪切破坏特性

为探究冻融循环对节理岩石抗剪力学特性的影响,针对冻融循环前后不同连通率节理岩石试样进行剪切特性试验,探究了节理试样的剪切破坏机制,对比分析了冻融前后节理试样抗剪强度的衰减趋势,分析了黏聚力及内摩擦角随岩石试样剪切破坏面分形维数的变化规律。结果表明：随冻融循环次数的增加,节理试样剪切应力-位移曲线发生显著变化,峰值剪应力出现明显下降,黏聚力及内摩擦角对比冻融前试样出现明显劣化,并且随节理试样连通率的增加,劣化程度加剧;在节理连通率相同时,随冻融循环次数的增加,剪切破坏面的分形维数呈现近指数函数递增的趋势,随分形维数的增加,节理试样的黏聚力损伤因子、内摩擦损伤因子也呈现指数函数增加的趋势;在冻融循环次数相同时,内摩擦角损伤因子随节理连通率的增大呈先减小后增大的趋势,而黏聚力损伤因子在冻融循环次数为30次前后分别呈递增和先减后增的趋势。     

原油族组分成气的化学动力学模型及其标定

利用等温密封热解实验技术及恒速升温热解实验与PY—GC分析技术的结合,本文分别建立并标定了原油中各族组分,即饱和烃、芳烃、非烃和沥青质成气的化学动力学模型。结果表明,原油中不同族组分成气的过程均可用平行一级反应描述,但不同组分在平均活化能及活化能分布上有明显的差异。各族组分在地史过程中成气的过程可由各自的化学动力学模型来描述。这将使原油成气过程的定量、动态描述成为可能。     

贝尔凹陷“源断势”对油成藏与分布的控制作用

为了研究贝尔凹陷源岩、断裂和势能场(简称“源断势”)控藏模式,采用油藏分布与源、断、势叠合方法,分别对油成藏、分布控制作用和控藏模式进行了研究,结果得到:1)南一段油源区控制着油藏形成与分布的范围;2)低势区控制着油聚集的部位;反向断裂翘倾隆起的低势区控制着南屯组和铜钵庙组油聚集成藏,反转构造低势区控制着大磨拐河组油聚...     

十万山盆地演化过程中的油气资源效应

十万山盆地位于广西西南部，大地构造位置属于华南板块的西北缘，是在华南板块与杨子板块拼接的加里东运动之后，早古生代华南洋再一次打开形成被动大陆边缘。晚二叠世末，该地区变成孤后盆地，进一步转化成前陆盆地。在盆山转换过程中，经历了三次沉积－构造盆山转换过程：泥盆纪－二早叠世分地新生与被动大陆边缘拉张裂谷；晚二叠世与中三叠世间盆地构造性质转换与前陆盆地；晚三叠世至侏罗纪的晚期前陆磨拉石沉积。在碎屑岩陆架沉积阶段，生成碎屑岩烃源岩层。在碳酸盐台地沉阶段，发育硝屑灰岩、藻灰岩、礁灰岩和暴露作用生成的白云岩储集岩。因而其早期被动大陆边缘阶段构了古生新储组合。前陆盆地早期在前渊盆地内沉积了一套碎屑岩烃源岩。它与早期的储集层构成了新生古储组合。同时也对下伏地层起到了封闭作用。沉积地层逐层向克拉通斜坡上超覆，发育地层圈闭。前渊阶段中期快速沉积的巨厚的复理石沉积和晚期快速沉积形成的磨拉石沉积有利于早期沉积的迅速埋藏、成熟和保存。