Ferric iron in orthopyroxene: a Mössbauer spectroscopic study

Ferric iron solid solution in synthetic orthopyroxene has been studied along the joins MgSiO₃-Al₂O₃ · Fe₂O₃ and MgSiO₃-Fe₂O₃. The partially reduced synthetic orthopyroxenes showed that major incorporation of ferric iron can only occur together with a concomitant incorporation of Al. Maximum solid solution of ferric iron along the join MgSiO₃-Fe₂O₃ was found to be only 0.63 wt% Fe₂O₃ at 1000°C and 2 kb total pressure. From the observed Mössbauer parameters octahedral ferric iron can be assigned to the MI position in orthopyroxene. Incorporation of Fe³⁺ and/or Al will increase the disorder of Fe²⁺ and Mg between the M1 and M2 sites, which is also observed in a ferric iron-containing aluminous orthopyroxene of metamorphic origin. In the assemblage orthopyroxene + sillimanite + quartz the ferric iron content of orthopyroxene is directly related to oxygen fugacity.     

Compositional dependence of the hyperfine interaction of 57Fe in anthophyllite

Hyperfine parameters of ⁵⁷Fe in anthophyllites (Mg²⁺, Fe²⁺)₇ Si₈O₂₂(OH, F)₂ mainly depend on the amount of Al present in the structure. The quadrupole splitting of the doublet due to Fe²⁺ in M1, M2 and M3 decreases systematically with the Al content, whereas that of the doublet due to Fe²⁺ in M4 and the half-width of the combined M1, M2, M3 doublet increases. Structurally these variations suggest that, with the incorporation of Al (miscibility towards gedrite), the distortion of the M4 polyhedron decreases, whereas the M1, M2 and M3 polyhedra become more distorted and dissimilar.     

Anwendbarkeit von Satellitenmessungen in der Ozeanographie

Zusammenfassung Nach Erörterung der allgemeinen Voraussetzungen für Satellitenmessungen werden die Möglichkeiten ozeanographischer Satellitenbeobachtungen mittels Fernsehen (Seegang, Meeresvereisung) und Strahlungsmessungen (Wärmehaushalt des Meeres, Oberflächentemperaturverteilung) dargestellt und durch Beobachtungen erläutert. Die Bedeutung meteorologischer und geodätischer Satelliten für ozeanographische Zwecke wird beschrieben. Die Möglichkeiten ozeanographischer Anwendungen von Satellitenbeobachtungen werden für die Zukunft mit Einschränkungen, besonders aber für ozeanographische Vorhersagen günstig beurteilt.

---

Possibilities of applying satellite observations to oceanographic research

Summary After a discussion of the general conditions of satellite measurements the possibilities of oceanographic satellite observations by means of television (state of the sea, sea ice) and radiation measurements (heat budget of the ocean, surface-temperature distribution) are outlined and complemented by observations. The importance of meteorological and geodetic satellites for oceanographic purposes is shown. The possibilities of applying satellite observations to future oceanographic research are — apart from several restrictions — judged to be favorable, especially in regard to oceanographic forecasts.

---

Possibilités d'appliquer en faveur de l'océanographie les observations effectuées par des satellites

Résumé Après avoir exposé les circonstances générales permettant de se servir de satellites pour effectuer des mesures, on discute les possibilités de faire des observations océanographiques de satellites au moyen de la télévision (état et glaciation de la mer) et au moyen de la mesure du rayonnement (régime thermique de la mer, distribution de la température à la surface de la mer). Ces considérations sont expliquées à l'aide des observations. L'importance des observations météorologiques et géodésiques effectuées au moyen des satellites est exposée. Sauf quelques restrictions, les possibilités futures d'exploiter pour l'océanographie les observations par de satellites sont jugées favorables, en particulier en ce qui concerne les prévisions océanographiques.

     

Ein Beitrag zum Problem der Tiefseesande im westlichen Teil des äquatorialen Atlantiks

Zusammenfassung Es wurden in vorliegender Arbeit die Ergebnisse der sedimentpetrographischen Untersuchung von 5 Albatross -Lotkernen dargestellt, die aus dem westlichen äquatorialen Atlantik stammen und in denen zahlreiche Sandschichten auftreten. Die mineralogische Zusammensetzung des Sedimentmaterials ist allein von seiner kornmäßigen Zusammensetzung abhängig. Gleiche Korngrößenfraktionen sind gleich zusammengesetzt. Der Schwermineralgehalt der untersuchten Proben war ebenfalls qualitativ und quantitativ derselbe. Die Proben aus der Amazonasmündung enthielten eine andere Schwermineralverteilung.In den drei am meisten südöstlich gelegenen Lotkernen tritt je eine Schicht auf, die aus sehr gleichförmigem roten Ton-Blauschlick besteht, der von einer foraminiferenreichen Sandschicht unterlagert wird. In dieser Sandschicht wiesPhleger benthonische Flachwasserforaminiferen nach. Es wird angenommen, daß es sich in allen drei Lotkernen um dieselbe Schicht handelt. Aus der Mächhtigkeitsänderung der Tonschicht und der Änderung der Korngröße des darunterlagernden Sandes wird geschlossen, daß Sand und Ton durch Suspensionsströme transportiert wurden. Als Herkunftsgebiet des Sandmaterials wird der südamerikanische Kontinent angenommen.Herrn Professor Dr.Carl W. Correns zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Fazies und Magmatismus der Minas-Serie in der südlichen Serra do Espinhaço,Minas Gerais,Brasilien

Zusammenfassung Durch Kartierung in der südlichen Serra do Espinhaço in Minas Gerais, Brasilien, konnten laterale Fazies-Übergänge zwischen mio -und eugeosynklinalen Metasedimenten der proterozoischen Minas-Serie bestätigt werden. Der Übergangsbereich ist durch±mächtige Itabirite sowie einen ausgeprägten Magmatismus gekennzeichnet. Die Metamagmatite bilden mit sauren bis ultrabasischen Gesteinen eine ±vollständige alpinotype Assoziation desinitialen Magmatismus. Fazieswechsel und Magmatismus weisen die Ablagerungen der Minas-Serie als Bildungen einer Orthogeosynklinale aus.

---

Geological fieldwork in the southern part of the Serra do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brazil confirmed lateral facies transitions between mio- and eugeosynclinal metasediments of the Proterozoic Minas Series.The miogeosyncline is formed by thick quartzites, phyllites, and diamond bearing conglomerates. This sequence reaches a total thickness of 5000 m or more. The eugeosyncline consists of gneisses which probably originate from graywackes and similar sediments. The transition of facies is well shown by a stratigraphic unit which can be followed for approx. 100 km along strike. This unit, located in the east of the mapped area, is formed by quartzites, phyllites, and diamond bearing conglomerates in its northern part, whereas to the south it gradually changes to predominantly phyllites and ferruginous quartzites with intraformational beds of itabirites (iron formation). Even in the southernmost part, some conglomerates are still intercalated within the itabirites.The transition zone is characterized in addition by metamorphosed igneous rocks, which range chemically from acid to ultramafic. There are four types: rhyolitic metavolcanites, hematite phyllites, green schists, and ultramafic rocks. The latter are often altered to talc-carbonate rocks (soapstone), due to CO₂-metasomatism. The occurrence of this nearly complete magmatic sequence at an early geosynclinal stage within the Minas Series of Eastern Brazil is pointed out for the first time. The close association of the magmatic belt and the itabirites suggests a genetic relation between the volcanic activity and the sedimentation of the iron formation.Both, transition of facies and magmatism, indicate a typical orthogeosynclinal evolution for the Minas Series.

---

Resumo Um levantamento geológico na Serra do Espinhaço meridional, Minas Gerais, Brasil, confirma a transição lateral das facies entre os metasedimentos mio- e eugeossinclinais da Série Minas.O miogeossinclinal é formado por uma seqüência de quartzitos espêssos, filitos e conglomerados diamantíferos com uma espessura total de 5.000 m ou mais. O eugeossinclinal constitue-se de gnaisses, provàvelmente provenientes de grauvacas e sedimentos similares. Uma unidade estratigráfica, que pode ser acompanhada por aprox. 100 km, mostra nitidamente a transição das fácies. Essa unidade, situada na parte oriental da área em aprêço, é composta de quartzitos, filitos e conglomerados diamantíferos no norte, enquanto que no sul gradualmente começam a predominar os filitos e quartzitos ferruginosos com itabiritos intraformacionais. Mesmo na parte mais meridional os itabiritos ainda têm algumas intercalações de conglomerados.A zona de transição também é caracterizada por metamagmatitos, que variam químicamente de rochas ácidas a ultrabásicas. Existem quatro tipos: efusivas acidas de composiçao riolítica, filitos hematíticos, xistos verdes e rochas ultrabásicas. Estas últimas transformam-se várias vezes em esteatitos (pedra sabão), devido a um metasomatismo de CO₂. A ocorrência dessa seqüência magmática quase completa, num estágio eugeossinclinal primário dentro da Série Minas, é ressaltada pela primeira vez. A associação estreita da faixa magmática com os itabiritos indica uma relação genética entre a atividade vulcânica e a sedimentaçâo dos itabiritos.Ambos, transição das fácies e magmatismo, mostram a existência de um ortogeossinclinal típico durante a formação da Série Minas.

---

Serra do Espinhaco Minas Cerais, , , , Minas. , . , , , . , Minas .

     

Self-reversal explanation for the Laschamp/Olby geomagnetic field excursion

The reversed natural remanent magnetisation (NRM) of the volcanic features at Laschamp and Olby (Chaîne des Puys, Auvergne, France) is commonly believed to document the youngest excursion of the geomagnetic field during the present Brunhes epoch. Recent radiometric dating determines the age of these lavas to be 35000–45000 y. Continuous thermal demagnetisation indicates that under laboratory conditions the NRM of many Olby samples undergoes complete or partial self-reversal; to a lesser extent this is also true for the Laschamp material. Thus self-reversal may be another possible explanation of the reversed NRM directions. Magnetic, optical and microprobe analyses suggest that the self-reversal mechanism is based upon magnetostatic interaction between differently oxidised titanomagnetite phases.     

The distribution of U and Th in growth zones of manganese nodules

Growth zones and individual sublayers from one manganese nodule and three manganese crusts from an area south of Hawaii were analysed for U and Th by the delayed-neutron counting technique.The concentrations of uranium and thorium in the manganese nodule are highest in the outermost zone on top of the nodule, being the surface last exposed to sea water. In this zone U varies from 6.3 to a maximum of 8.3 ppm in different sublayers, decreasing to 5.0 ppm in the inner zones and 3.4 ppm in the outer zone last exposed to the sediment. Ferromanganese material scraped from the zone last exposed to the sediment which has low concentrations of Fe, relative to the zone last exposed to sea water, has also low U contents (2.7 ppm).Th concentrations are higher in the outermost zone on top of the nodule (40 to a maximum of 130 ppm) than in the zone last exposed to the sediment (about 20 ppm Th).Manganese crusts contain up to 9 ppm U in the outermost zones last exposed to the sea water. They also have higher concentrations of Th (up to 64 ppm) relative to the inner zones of the crust growing on altered andesitic rock, which contains about 8 ppm U and about 26 ppm Th as an average.     

Der Salzstock von Cardona in Nordostspanien

Zusammenfassung Der Salzstock von Cardona liegt in dem von den SüdpyrenÄen und dem Katalonischen Küstengebirge begrenzten tertiÄren Ampurdanbecken. Die Beckenfüllung besteht aus vorwiegend marinem AlttertiÄr, obereozÄnem Salinar und dem mÄchtigen kontinentalen Abtragsschutt der Randgebirge.Der Salzstock von Cardona gehört der nördlichen von zwei NE-streichenden Antiklinalen an und tritt als langgestreckter Salzaufbruch (Montana de Sal) bei Cardona zutage. Der Salzkörper ist insgesamt südvergent und bricht nördlich neben dem Antiklinalscheitel über Tage aus.Das Deckgebirge der Nordflanke ist bis 40 aufgebogen, das der Südflanke in einer schmalen, langerstreckten Zone steilgestellt und zum Teil eng verfaltet. Im Westteil des Aufbruchs liegt auf dem Salzhut steilgestelltes, einen Aufstiegsstillstand markierendes PliopleistozÄn.Die Tektonik im zentralen Ampurdanbecken wird auf Halokinese zurückgeführt. Der Salzaufstieg erscheint als kontinuierlicher, durch Zeiten intensiver Salzlösung unterbrochener Vorgang.

---

The Cardona salt dome in NE Spain is situated in the Tertiary Ampurdan Basin which is framed in the N by the Southern Pyrenees and in the SW by the Cataluña coastal ranges. The sediments of the Ampurdan Basin consist of predominantly marine early Tertiary, of Upper Eocene evaporitic series, and of thick detrital continental material derived from the surrounding mountain ranges.The Cardona salt dome belongs to the northern of two parallel anticlines striking SW-NE. Near the Cardona village, there is a salt uprise (2 km in length and about 0.5 km in width) with the famous Montaña de Sal (salt mountain) in its western part. As a whole the salt plug is asymmetric with the movement directed to the south. It crops out little north of the crest line.At its northern flank the covering strata are uptilted to 40, whereas at the southern flank in a narrow long zone, the cover dips steeply and locally is narrowly folded. In the western part of the salt uprise, the cap rock is overlain by steeply dipping deposits of Plio-Pleistocene age, which indicate a standstill in the rise of the salt.The tectonic movements in the central Ampurdan Basin seem to result from the salt movement caused by overburden (Trusheim, 1957). The upward movement of the salt probably was a continous process, interrupted only by times of intensive salt solution.

---

Resumen El domo salino de Cardona se encuentra en el NW de la Península Ibérica, situado en la cuenca terciaria del Ampurdan, que está bordeada al N por los Pirineos meridionales y al SW por la Cordillera Litoral Catalana.En el presente trabajo, primeramente se describe la tectónica de la cuenca del Ampurdan, expresada de modo esquematico por médio de un mapa tectónico y un corte geológico general. Lbs afloramientos superficiales del domo salino de Cardona (montaña de sal) y los terrenos posteriores de recubrimiento sedimentario, están expresados tectónicamente, en detalle, por mapas y cortes geológicos. Acompaña al presente trabajo un breve itinerario, Útil para él que desee visitar tan interesante lugar geológico, universalmente conocido.En los depósitos sedimentarios basales de la cuenca terciaria predominan los depósitos marinos del terciario antiguo; sigue encima el eoceno superior salino; estos terrenos están recubiertos por los potentes depósitos continentales resultantes de la demolición subaérea.En la cuenca del Ampurdan afloran dos anticlinales de rumbo SW-NE, cuyos nÚcleos están constituidos por materiales salinos. El domo salino de Cardona pertenece al anticlinal nórdico. En conjunto, el domo salino muestra una vergencia sur y aflora por el norte, immediate a la cresta divisoria del anticlinal.Los terrenos de recubrimiento del flanco norte está abombado, con un buzamiento que llega hasta los 40. Los del flanco sur son, en una zona larga y estrecha, casi verticales y, en parte, se presentan estrechamente replegados. Por la parte oeste del diapiro, los depósitos pliopleistocenos están en posición vertical e indican un período de quietud en el ascenso del diapiro. La tectónica del centro de la cuenca del Ampurdan se atribuye a la halocinesis (Trusheim, 1957). El ascenso del domo salino es un fenómeno continuo, interrumpido de vez en cuando por periodos de mayor intensidad de a disolución salina.

---

Cardona Ampurdan . , . Cardona (Montana de sal). . 40, — , . -. . , , .

     

Magnetic anisotropy of granitic rocks of the Bergell massif (Switzerland)

Magnetite as well as ilmenohematite are contained by the Bergell granitic rocks, but the fabric of low field susceptibility is due to the magnetite only and is equivalent to the macroscopic biotite fabric. Microscopic observations and high field anisotropy measurements show that the ilmenohematite trigonal axes are aligned parallel to the directions of minimum low field susceptibility anisotropy. The deflection of the stable direction of natural remanent magnetization caused by the alignment of ilmenohematite is corrected using the susceptibility anisotropy data. The resulting virtual palaeopole position deviates from other Oligocene to Miocene pole positions of stable Europe suggesting that since the time of intrusion some 25 my ago the Bergell massif has been rotated anti-clockwise by an angle of ～30° about a vertical axis.