DLT程序设计与应用

在近景摄影测量直接线性变换原理的基础上，加入附加条件建立附加有平行条件的直接线性变换函数模型，探讨了在解算过程中用数据探测法剔除粗差，用验后补偿的方法补偿系统误差的实现。鉴于非量测像机在近景摄影洲量中应用导致直接线性变换解法的重要性和实用性及数据量大、解算过程过于复杂的情况。用VC 编制了直接线性变换的解算程序，对其关键的方法和用法进行了说明。     

千兆网支持下的城市公众GIS

当前GIS技术的发展已经进入到一个新的阶段,呈现出网络化、专业化、智能化、大众化等特点。公众GIS是近年来新兴的GIS应用领域,它主要的目的是面向公众提供信息服务。介绍了城市公众GIS的基本概念、特点和系统功能,在分析了当前公众GIS存在的问题之后,继而提出一种适合宽带网络(千兆以太网)支持下的公众GIS系统结构,并进一步分析了它的功能和用途。     

Fluid inclusions in granulites, granulitized eclogites and garnet clinopyroxenites from the Dabie–Sulu terranes, eastern China

Minor granulites (believed to be pre-Triassic), surrounded by abundant amphibolite-facies orthogneiss, occur in the same region as the well-documented Triassic high- and ultrahigh-pressure (HP and UHP) eclogites in the Dabie–Sulu terranes, eastern China. Moreover, some eclogites and garnet clinopyroxenites have been metamorphosed at granulite- to amphibolite-facies conditions during exhumation. Granulitized HP eclogites/garnet clinopyroxenites at Huangweihe and Baizhangyan record estimated eclogite-facies metamorphic conditions of 775–805 °C and ≥15 kbar, followed by granulite- to amphibolite-facies overprint of ca. 750–800 °C and 6–11 kbar. The presence of (Na, Ca, Ba, Sr)-feldspars in garnet and omphacite corresponds to amphibolite-facies conditions. Metamorphic mineral assemblages and P–T estimates for felsic granulite at Huangtuling and mafic granulite at Huilanshan indicate peak conditions of 850 °C and 12 kbar for the granulite-facies metamorphism and 700 °C and 6 kbar for amphibolite-facies retrograde metamorphism. Cordierite–orthopyroxene and ferropargasite–plagioclase coronas and symplectites around garnet record a strong, rapid decompression, possibly contemporaneous with the uplift of neighbouring HP/UHP eclogites.

Carbonic fluid (CO₂-rich) inclusions are predominant in both HP granulites and granulitized HP/UHP eclogites/garnet clinopyroxenites. They have low densities, having been reset during decompression. Minor amounts of CH₄ and/or N₂ as well as carbonate are present. In the granulitized HP/UHP eclogites/garnet clinopyroxenites, early fluids are high-salinity brines with minor N₂, whereas low-salinity fluids formed during retrogression. Syn-granulite-facies carbonic fluid inclusions occur either in quartz rods in clinopyroxene (granulitized HP garnet clinopyxeronite) or in quartz blebs in garnet and quartz matrices (UHP eclogite). For HP granulites, a limited number of primary CO₂ and mixed H₂O–CO₂(liquid) inclusions have also been observed in undeformed quartz inclusions within garnet, orthopyroxene, and plagioclase which contain abundant, low-density CO₂±carbonate inclusions. It is suggested that the primary fluid in the HP granulites was high-density CO₂, mixed with a significant quantity of water. The water was consumed by retrograde metamorphic mineral reactions and may also have been responsible for metasomatic reactions (“giant myrmekites”) occurring at quartz–feldspar boundaries. Compared with the UHP eclogites in this region, the granulites were exhumed in the presence of massive, externally derived carbonic fluids and subsequently limited low-salinity aqueous fluids, probably derived from the surrounding gneisses.     

Caledonian Low-Temperature Granulite-Facies Metamorphism in the West Kunlun Orogenic Belt—SHRIMP Chronological Evidence from Zircon

The West Kunlun orogenic belt is located at the conjunction of the paleo-Asian tectonic system and the Tethys tectonic system. Petrological and mineralogical studies of the Early Cambrian metamorphic surface crust in this region have shown that in case the metamorphism reached low-temperature granulate facies, the typical mineral assemblage is biotite-garnet-silimanite-K feldspar-plagioclase-quartz. The peak metamorphic temperatures are within the range of 720–740°C and the pressure is 0.6 GPa ±. Three types of metamorphic zircon have been detected in the metamorphic rocks: the complex inclusion-bearing type ; the early relic zircon inclusion-bearing type; and the inclusion-free type. SHRIMP age determination of these three types of metamorphic zircon have revealed that these zircons were formed principally during 400–460 Ma, indicating that pre-Cambrian metamorphic surface crust rocks underwent low-temperature granulite facies metamorphism during the Caledonian. In combination with the geological characteristics of this region, it is considered that when the oceanic basin was closed, there occurred intense intracontinental subduction (type A), bringing part of the Early Cambrian metamorphic basement in this region downwards to the lower crust. Meanwhile, there were accompanied with tectonic deformation at deep levels and medium- to high-grade metamorphism. This study provided important chronological and mineralogical evidence for the exploration of the evolutionary mechanism and process of the West Kunlun Early Paleozoic. Part of the results from the research project “ Research on the West Kunlun pre-Cambrian tectonic events” under the program “ Research on the important geological problems of China’ s pre-Cambrian” (No. 200113900070) sponsored by the China National Geological Surveying Bureau.     

Nonlinear stochastic correlation models for the pole’s motion of a deformable Earth

A combined stochastic correlation model for the pole’s motion of a deformable Earth is constructed using the data of the International Earth Rotation Service and dynamical Euler equations taking into account tidal deformations. The deterministic component of the model describes the main regular dynamical effects, while its stochastic component describes irregular effects obeying statistical laws. Linear differential (requiring solutions of ordinary differential equations), and finite (assuming integrated characteristics) correlation models are constructed for both Gaussian and non-Gaussian random parameters. The stochastic oscillations and trend of the Earth’s proper angular velocity are analyzed, as well as nonlinear stochastic oscillations and the trend of the pole. This approach can be considered quite novel.     

Devonian Carbonate Facies of the Chizhapka Bank of the Nyurol Paleobasin,Southeastern Part of Western Siberia

Comprehensive lithogenetic analysis of the Nyurol paleobasin revealed a large shoal area surrounded by basins. The shoal area is composed of organogenic buildups covered by sediments of isolated and inner lagoons. The organogenic buildups are divided into two types: Stromatopora bioherms and mud-mounds. Regularities of the distribution of organogenic buildups are considered.     

Origin of Hydrocarbons in Hydrothermal Sulfide Ores in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

The Rainbow hydrothermal field (36° N Mid-Atlantic Ridge) is one of the three presently known fields related to serpentinization of ultramafic rocks accompanied by the formation of hydrogen- and methane-rich solutions. Gas chromatographic (GC) and molecular gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric (GC-MS) investigations of sulfide ores and sediments from this field confirmed a predominantly biological nature of bitumoids related to the high-temperature transformation of biomass of the hydrothermal biological community. At the same time, ores of the Rainbow field contain significant amounts of compounds that are not directly related to biogenic synthesis. This fact suggests the possibility of an abiogenic synthesis of methane and even complex hydrocarbons during the serpentinization of ultramafic rocks.     

Methanol emission in distant protoplanetary disks

Thirty four-frequency line profiles of Class II methanol masers have been analyzed to investigate carefully the coincidences of various spectral features. Data at 6.7, 12.2, 107, and 156.6 GHz have been analyzed. Two clusters of Class II methanol maser lines at 6.7 and 12.2 GHz are observed in the spectra of many sources. These maser-line clusters are located on either side of the thermal methanol lines at 107 and 156.6 GHz. To avoid the effect of amplification in these thermal methanol lines, a similar analysis was performed for 80 sources having both maser emission at 6.7 GHz and thermal CS emission. The relative distributions of the methanol maser lines and the thermal CS line confirm on the basis of richer statistics that the maser lines are located in two clusters on either side of the thermal feature. It is proposed that the two maser-line clusters correspond to two edges of a Keplerian disk. The thermal methanol and CS emission is formed in dense molecular cores, whose centers are coincident with the disk centers.     

Mineralized Microbiota: A Possible Indicator of Hydrocarbon Flows in the Rift Zone of Iceland

Relationships of mineralized microbiota with the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in hydrothermal systems are considered. It has been established that the mineralized microbiota can serve as an indicator of hydrothermal hydrocarbon flows in present-day and ancient deposits.     

A biogenic-silica δO record of climatic change during the last glacial–interglacial transition in southwestern Alaska

Despite growing evidence for environmental oscillations during the last glacial–interglacial transition from high latitude, terrestrial sites of the North Pacific rim, oxygen-isotopic records of these oscillations remain sparse. The lack of data is due partially to the paucity of lakes that contain carbonate sediment suitable for oxygen-isotopic analysis. We report here the first record of oxygen-isotopic composition in diatom silica (δ¹⁸O_Si) from a lake in that region. δ¹⁸O_Si increases gradually from 19.0 to 23.5‰ between 12,340 and 11,000 ¹⁴C yr B.P., reflecting marked climatic warming at the end of the last glaciation. Around 11,000 ¹⁴C yr B.P., δ¹⁸O_Si decreases by 1.7‰, suggesting a temperature decrease of 3.5–8.9 °C at the onset of the Younger Dryas (YD) in southwestern Alaska. Climatic recovery began ca. 10,740 ¹⁴C yr B.P., as inferred from the increase of δ¹⁸O_Si to a maximum of 23.9‰ near the end of the YD. Our data reveal that a YD climatic reversal in southwestern coastal areas of Alaska occurred, but the YD climate did not return to full-glacial conditions.