塔中北斜坡碳酸盐岩岩溶储层油气差异富集特征

塔中北斜坡下奥陶统岩溶储层基本为低孔低渗储层,主要的储集空间为溶蚀孔、洞和断裂活动产生的裂缝。储层呈现“横向连片,纵向分层”特点,优质储层主要呈层状叠合分布在不整合面下0~200m范围内的垂直渗流带和水平潜流带。岩溶储层具有大面积、多储集段含油气的特点,平面上整体表现为“西油东气,内油外气”的分布特征。鹰山组直接盖层良3—5段致密灰岩平面上具有“东厚西薄,北厚南薄”的分布特点,剖面上呈现“块状分布,横向相连,纵向叠置”的展布特征。鹰山组内部多套高阻层相互叠置,与下伏含油气层构成良好的配置关系,形成一套或多套储盖组合,控制油气的分层聚集。塔中北斜坡发育着一系列NE向左行走滑断裂,以之为边界,可以分为若干个构造区块。区块内油气水正常分异,相对高的部位聚集油气、低部位出水。块体内部油气多富集在距主干走滑断裂0.5~4.0km范围内。      

Thermodynamic study of calcic amphiboles

The paper reports original thermochemical data on six natural amphibole samples of different composition. The data were obtained by high-temperature melt solution calorimetry in a Tian–Calvet microcalorometer and include the enthalpies of formation from elements for actinolite Ca_1.95(Mg_4.4Fe _0.5 ²⁺ Al₀₁)[Si_8.0O₂₂](OH)₂(–12024 ± 13 kJ/mol) and Ca_2.0(Mg_2.9Fe _1.9 ²⁺ Fe _0.2 ³⁺ )[Si_7.8Al_0.2O₂₂](OH)₂, (–11462 ± 18 kJ/mol), and Na_0.1Ca_2.0(Mg_3.2Fe _1.6 ²⁺ Fe _0.2 ³⁺ )[Si_7.7Al_0.3O₂₂](OH)₂ (–11588 ± 14 kJ/mol); for pargasite Na_0.5K_0.5Ca_2.0-(Mg_3.4Fe _1.8 ²⁺ Al_0.8)[Si_6.2Al_1.8O₂₂](OH)₂ (–12316 ± 10 kJ/mol) and Na_0.8K_0.2Ca_2.0(Mg_2.8Fe _1.3 ³⁺ Al_0.9) [Si_6.1Al_1.9O₂₂](OH)₂ (–12 223 ± 9 kJ/mol); and for hastingsite Na_0.3K_0.2Ca_2.0(Mg_0.4Fe _1.3 ²⁺ Fe _0.9 ³⁺ Al_0.2) [Si_6.4Al_1.6O₂₂](OH)₂ (?10909 ± 11 kJ/mol). The standard entropy, enthalpy, and Gibbs free energy of formation are estimated for amphiboles of theoretical composition: end members and intermediate members of the isomorphic series tremolite–ferroactinolite, edenite–ferroedenite, pargasite–ferropargasite, and hastingsite.     

Analyse des Standards de L'U.S.G.S. : GXR-1 a GXR-6 par Activation Neutronique et Fluorescence X

Six roches standards de I'USGS : GXR-1 à GXR-6 ont été analysées par activation neutronique instrumentale (INAA) pour le dosage de 17 éléments traces et par fluorescence X (XRF) pour les autres éléments difficiles à doser par activation neutronique. Les travaux précédemment publiés par Gladney et al. ont été pris comme référence en particulier les valeurs recommandées (R.V.) qui sont généralement en bon accord avec nos résultats. Quelques remarques et corrections sont proposées pour expliquer certaines disparités.
Six United States Geological Survey's (USGS) Geochemical Exploration References Samples (GXR) have been analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) for the determination of seventeen trace elements and by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRFS) for other trace elements difficult to determine by INAA. Our results compare favourably with the values recommended by E.S. Gladney et al. Some suggestions and corrections are proposed to explain some discrepancies.     

Staurolite as an isotopic U–Pb geochronometer

A new approach is suggested for measuring the real U–Pb and Pb–Pb ages of rock-forming metamorphic staurolite. Previously, two approaches have been used for this purpose: (1) measurement of the lead isotopic compositions, uranium and lead contents in leach substance as a product of the step-leaching technique; age is calculated by plotting the Pb–Pb leaching isochron; and (2) lead and uranium isotopic compositions are measured in completely dissolved mineral material without leaching. In both cases, it is assumed a priori that inclusions, overgrowths, secondary phases, and the host mineral are cogenetic. This assumption may lead to errors in the measured age. The technique suggested in this paper uses various reagents (acids) to purify staurolite from the above-mentioned secondary phases while obtaining a staurolite “pure culture,” its subsequent disolution, introduction of the mixed spike, separation of lead and uranium compounds, and, finally, estimation of a real staurolite age using several samples to plot the monomineralic Pb–Pb isochron or by plotting measured Pb/U ratios in the diagram with concordia. The data can be used then to reconstruct the P–T–t evolution of metamorphism.     

关于磷石膏尾矿库安全专篇的研究

磷石膏尾矿库是以磷石膏渣堆积起来形成的尾矿库,其安全问题一直是磷化工企业及安全生产管理部门非常关心的问题。根据《尾矿库安全监督管理规定》,尾矿库工程在设计阶段应该编写安全专篇,需要对尾矿库及尾矿坝稳定性、尾矿库防洪能力及排洪设施和安全观测设施的可靠性进行充分论证。3个方面的内容紧密联系,其是否安全可靠决定着尾矿库是否安全运行。针对磷石膏尾矿库的安全专篇问题,分析了专篇中的关键技术内容,对防洪计算、稳定性计算和安全监测分析等方面的本质问题进行了探讨,并将这三者作为一个系统进行分析总结。通过对湖北某磷石膏尾矿工程安全专篇的编写与分析,对具体的技术方法给出了说明。目前尾矿库工程安全问题受到了广泛的关注,其结果提供了比较完整的具体经验,采用的方法和得出的结论对相关工程可以起一定的借鉴作用。     

Seasonal variation of global surface pressure and water vapor

Previous studies have shown that the seasonal variation of global-mean surface pressure ( p _s) results from variation of global-mean water vapor pressure ( p _w). The current study, employing the global data generated by Version 1 of the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS-1) Data Assimilation System, shows that seasonal variations of regional p _s and p _w tend to be out of phase (particularly in the subtropics of the two hemispheres) and that the magnitude of the former variation is generally much larger than that of the latter. The seasonal variations of these two quantities are maintained by airmass and water vapor transports by the global divergent circulation, which is driven by the latent heat released by cumulus convection over the water vapor sink, as the "water mass forcing" mechanism predicted. Since p _w and p _s are used often in depicting the climate system, assessments of climate change in terms of the global-mean and regional variations of these two variables should be interpreted with caution.     

Seismic characterization of switching platform geometries and dominant carbonate producers (Miocene,Las Negras,Spain)

The primary goals of seismic interpretation and quantification are to understand and define reservoir architecture and the distribution of petrophysical properties. Since seismic interpretation is associated with major uncertainties, outcrop analogues are used to support and improve the resulting conceptual models. In this study, the Miocene carbonates of Cerro de la Molata (Las Negras, south‐east Spain) have been selected as an outcrop analogue. The heterogeneous carbonate rocks of the Cerro de la Molata Platform were formed by a variety of carbonate‐producing factories, resulting in various platform morphologies and a wide range of physical properties. Based on textural (thin sections) and petrophysical (porosity, density, carbonate content and acoustic properties) analyses of the sediments, eleven individual facies types were determined. The data were used to produce synthetic seismic profiles of the outcrop. The profiles demonstrate that the spatial distribution of the facies and the linked petrophysical properties are of key importance in the appearance of the synthetic seismic sections. They reveal that carbonate factory and facies‐specific reflection patterns are determined by porosity contrasts, diagenetic modifications and the input of non‐carbonate sediment. The reflectors of the seismograms created with high‐frequency wavelets are coherent with the spatial distribution of the predefined facies within the depositional sequences. The synthetic seismograms resulting from convolution with lower frequency wavelets do not show these details – the major reflectors coincide with: (i) the boundary between the volcanic basement and the overlying carbonates; (ii) the platform geometries related to changes in carbonate factories, thus sequence boundaries; and (iii) diagenetic zones. Changes in seismic response related to diagenesis, switching carbonate producers and linked platform geometries are important findings that need to be considered when interpreting seismic data sets.     

Fish Zona radiata (eggshell) proteins: evaluation and validation as a biomarker for xenoestrogen monitoring

New cellular and molecular tools are enabling researchers to study the basic mechanisms of action of natural reproductive hormones, and of endocrine disrupters, including xenoestrogens. Zonagenesis is defined by the hepatic synthesis of the eggshell Zona radiata proteins (Zrp), their secretion and transport in the blood and their uptake by maturing oocytes. Zrps are comprised of three-to-four protein monomers in the 50–60 kDa MW range and show structural similarity to proteins of the Zona pellucida; an extracellular envelope that lies immediately outside the plasma membrane in the eggs of placental mammals. We studied the xenoestrogen-induced elevation in hepatic mRNA and plasma levels of Zrp and vitellogenin (Vtg) in several fish species. Eggshell Zrp protein and mRNA was induced in juvenile salmon by exposure to nonylphenol (NP: given singly or in combination with other xenoestrogens/xenobiotics). In English sole (Pleuronectes vetulus), Zrp was induced in the plasma of mature female, E₂- and NP-treated male fish. We are currently using salmon cDNA probes to study estrogen-receptor, Zrp and Vtg mRNA expression in English sole treated with E₂- and NP. Validation in a semi-field experiment showed that effluent from an oil refinery treatment plant caused a dose-dependent induction of Zrp and Vtg in juvenile salmon. However, a component corresponding to Zrp-β was more responsive than Zrp-α and Zrp-γ and also more than Vtg. Zrp seem to be a sensitive complement to Vtg analysis, and appear to be a more ecologically significant biomarker of estrogenicity.     

Seismic scattering and shallow structure of the moon in oceanus procellarum

Long, reverberating trains of seismic waves produced by impacts and moonquakes may be interpreted in terms of scattering in a surface layer overlying a non-scattering elastic medium. Model seismic experiments are used to qualitatively demonstrate the correctness of the interpretation. Three types of seismograms are found, near impact, far impact and moonquake. Only near impact and moonquake seismograms contain independent information. Details are given in the paper of the modelling of the scattering processes by the theory of diffusion.Interpretation of moonquake and artificial impact seismograms in two frequency bands from the Apollo 12 site indicates that the scattering layer is 25 km thick, with a Q of 5000. The mean distance between scatterers is approximately 5 km at 25 km depth and approximately 2 km at 14 km depth; the density of scatterers appears to be high near the surface, decreasing with depth. This may indicate that the scatterers are associated with cratering, or are cracks that anneal with depth. Most of the scattered energy is in the form of scattered surface waves.Communication presented at the Lunar Science Institute Conference on Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration of the Moon and Planets, January 10–12, 1973.     

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