Ultraviolet spectroscopy of Asteroid (4) Vesta

We report a comprehensive review of the UV–visible spectrum and rotational lightcurve of Vesta combining new observations by Hubble Space Telescope and Swift Gamma-ray Burst Observatory with archival International Ultraviolet Explorer observations. The geometric albedos of Vesta from 220 nm to 953 nm are derived by carefully comparing these observations from various instruments at different times and observing geometries. Vesta has a rotationally averaged geometric albedo of 0.09 at 250 nm, 0.14 at 300 nm, 0.26 at 373 nm, 0.38 at 673 nm, and 0.30 at 950 nm. The linear spectral slope as measured between 240 and 320 nm in the ultraviolet displays a sharp minimum near a sub-Earth longitude of 20°, and maximum in the eastern hemisphere. This is consistent with the longitudinal distribution of the spectral slope in the visible wavelength. The photometric uncertainty in the ultraviolet is ∼20%, and in the visible wavelengths it is better than 10%. The amplitude of Vesta’s rotational lightcurves is ∼10% throughout the range of wavelengths we observed, but is smaller at 950 nm (∼6%) near the 1-μm band center. Contrary to earlier reports, we found no evidence for any difference between the phasing of the ultraviolet and visible/near-infrared lightcurves with respect to sub-Earth longitude. Vesta’s average spectrum between 220 and 950 nm can well be described by measured reflectance spectra of fine particle howardite-like materials of basaltic achondrite meteorites. Combining this with the in-phase behavior of the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared lightcurves, and the spectral slopes with respect to the rotational phase, we conclude that there is no global ultraviolet/visible reversal on Vesta. Consequently, this implies a lack of global space weathering on Vesta, as previously inferred from visible–near-infrared data.     

Trust in the fisheries scientific community

This paper explores the issue of “trust” in the fisheries science community, a key corollary of effective risk communication. It presents the findings of a survey undertaken in Iceland, Greece, Spain, United Kingdom and Faroe Islands during 2008. The findings reveal differing levels of trust and mistrust in the fisheries science community between countries and between stakeholder groups, demonstrating areas for future attention in the interests of improving fisheries science and management. As this paper explores, unfortunately the “trust” necessary for effective stakeholder cooperation and participation within current fisheries science is currently somewhat lacking. The cited reasons behind this lack of trust include: a lack of soundness, credibility, responsiveness, flexibility and stakeholder involvement, flawed data and weak science, poor communications and political and lobby group interference. Notable from the results is a lack of consensus on the existence of a common language and vision. It is evident, however, that certain aspects of fisheries science are strong contributors to trust and that there are opportunities for improvement.     

苏州市区信息通讯企业空间集聚与新企业选址

高科技产业是全球化背景下城市发展与区域竞争的关键,但是高科技产业发展空间极不平衡,空间要素显著影响高科技企业区位选择及空间集聚。针对现有研究主要集中在国家、省等大尺度单元,本文引入空间点模式分析方法,探讨了1996-2006年间苏州市区不同空间尺度上信息通讯企业的时空集聚特征。研究发现:在0~6km的尺度上,信息通讯企业表现出明显的集聚特征,并随着尺度的增加呈现出倒"U"型集聚趋势;随着时间的推移,企业空间集聚的"热点地区"逐渐从老城区向外围推移,但是集聚峰区依然主要分布在老城区及其外围的国家和省级开发区;同时,新企业的选址与原有企业的分布特征表现出很强的相关性。运用计数模型的计量结果也表明企业集聚特征对新企业区位选择具有显著影响,同时起作用的还有地方政府政策影响下的开发区建设、城市内外交通条件、自然环境条件等因素。     

The Spatial–Temporal Hierarchy of Inequality in Urban China: A Prefectural City–Level Study

Inequality has been the subject of intense debates in China, but inequality across cities remains less studied. This article investigates economic inequality based on prefectural-level cities during the period from 1990 to 2010. Statistical analyses indicate that interregional inequality among cities has increased, which is mostly attributable to widening intraregional inequality, especially within the western region. The high gross domestic product (GDP) per capita clusters emerged in the Pearl River Delta in the 1990s, spread to the Yangtze River Delta in the 2000s, and then reached north China in the 2010s. In contrast, the number of low GDP per capita clusters significantly increased in the central and western regions in the 2010s. In addition, the significance of national development zones and foreign direct investment indicates the greatest effect of globalization on the increasing intercity inequality. Decentralization also contributes to the intercity inequality of China. We suggest that in addition to national programs aimed at reducing the inequality between the eastern region and the rest of China, efforts are needed to reduce inequality within each region through provincial and local government policies, especially in western China. Key Words: China, cluster, decentralization, globalization, regional inequality, urban inequality.     

大都市区建设用地空间扩展机理研究——以南京市区为例

大都市区建设用地微观空间扩展机理的研究是有效调控城市土地利用布局的科学基础。以南京市市区为例,以经济学的收益最大化理论为基础,构建研究建设用地扩展的成本——收益分析框架。以1 km×1 km为基本研究单元,利用遥感等数据研究1995~2001年、2001~2007年建设用地扩展的微观机理。研究表明,基期建设用地比重、到CBD、到开发区、到高速公路互通口的可达性、邻域建设用地主导单元的数量等收益要素以及耕地面积比重、水域面积比重、地质灾害区比重、坡度、重要生态功能区比重、城市规划建设用地区比重等成本要素是影响建设用地扩展的重要指标。两期比较分析表明,收益要素作用力大于成本要素,其更深层次的作用力则是全球化和市场化。空间政策对于建设用地扩展的约束作用越来越大。基于微观空间机理的研究提出了大都市区基本农田布局的政策建议。     

Drawdown Distribution in the Vicinity of Nonvertical Wells

Recent developments in subsurface intake systems for ocean desalination plants are considering use of angled wells (slant wells) completed in permeable materials beneath the ocean floor. Conventional drawdown equations for vertical or horizontal wells are inadequate to properly describe the drawdown distribution in the vicinity of slant wells. Using the principle of superposition combined with standard well hydraulics, universal drawdown equations (UDE) are presented which calculate the drawdown distribution in the vicinity of production wells with inclination angles ranging from 0° (horizontal wells) to 90° (vertical wells). The method is computationally simple and other than the normal assumptions for standard well equations, it only requires that the calculated drawdown represent the drawdown which would be measured in a fully penetrating observation well. Solutions using the UDE are developed for confined, unconfined and semi‐confined (leaky) aquifers and compared with analytical equations for vertical and horizontal wells, and with a numerical model for slant wells. The UDE is also applied to pumping test data from the Dana Point slant well project in Southern California.     

Assessing the Effect of Data Imports on the Completeness of OpenStreetMap – A United States Case Study

The assessment of OpenStreetMap (OSM) data quality has become an interdisciplinary research area over the recent years. The question of whether the OSM road network should be updated through periodic data imports from public domain data, or whether the currency of OSM data should rather rely on more traditional data collection efforts by active contributors, has led to perpetual debates within the OSM community. A US Census TIGER/Line 2005 import into OSM was accomplished in early 2008, which generated a road network foundation for the active community members in the US. In this study we perform a longitudinal analysis of road data for the US by comparing the development of OSM and TIGER/Line data since the initial TIGER/Line import. The analysis is performed for the 50 US states and the District of Columbia, and 70 Urbanized Areas. In almost all tested states and Urbanized Areas, OSM misses roads for motorized traffic when compared with TIGER/Line street data, while significant contributions could be observed in pedestrian related network data in OSM compared with corresponding TIGER/Line data. We conclude that the quality of OSM road data could be improved through new OSM editor tools allowing contributors to trace current TIGER/Line data.