Using a maximum entropy model to optimize the stochastic component of urban cellular automata models

ABSTRACT

The stochastic perturbation of urban cellular automata (CA) model is difficult to fine-tune and does not take the constraint of known factors into account when using a stochastic variable, and the simulation results can be quite different when using the Monte Carlo method, reducing the accuracy of the simulated results. Therefore, in this paper, we optimize the stochastic component of an urban CA model by the use of a maximum entropy model to differentially control the intensity of the stochastic perturbation in the spatial domain. We use the kappa coefficient, figure of merit, and landscape metrics to evaluate the accuracy of the simulated results. Through the experimental results obtained for Wuhan, China, the effectiveness of the optimization is proved. The results show that, after the optimization, the kappa coefficient and figure of merit of the simulated results are significantly improved when using the stochastic variable, slightly improved when using Monte Carlo methods. The landscape metrics for the simulated results and actual data are much closer when using the stochastic variable, and slightly closer when using the Monte Carlo method, but the difference between the simulated results is narrowed, reflecting the fact that the results are more reliable.     

应用MATLAB设计高效多级抽取滤波器

介绍如何应用Matlab设计级联梳状(CIC)滤波器、半带滤波器和有限脉冲响应(FIR)滤波器。并设计了一种高效的多级抽取滤波器，将该算法用数字信号处理器(DSP)进行验证，结果表明，该多级抽取滤波器能满足地震数据采集系统的精度要求。     

岚皋金云角闪辉石岩类捕虏体：地幔交代作用的证据

产于陕西岚皋地区碱质基性－超基性潜火山杂岩中的金云角闪辉石岩类捕虏体，主要由透辉石、富钛韭闪石、金云母、磷灰石、榍石、及钛铁矿组成。捕虏体发育三联晶、碎裂边、肯克变形等固相线下变形变质结构，矿物学特征表明，透辉石、富钛韭闪石、金云母为地幔来源，是地幔交代作用的产物；与正常地幔尖晶石二辉橄榄岩相比，捕虏体富ＴｉＯ２、Ｆｅ２Ｏ３、ＣａＯ、Ｎａ２Ｏ、Ｋ２Ｏ，贫ＭｇＯ，其稀土元素具富集特征，尤其富集ＬＲＥＥ；微量元素分配型式显示了富亲石不相容元素的特征。岩相学、矿物学及岩石化学特征表明：该类捕虏体为交代地幔捕虏体，它代表了北大巴山早古生代裂谷作用时期的异常地幔，是地幔交代作用的产物。交代营力可能源于地幔热缕的上升，交代过程推测为深处小范围的流体交代及随后硅酸岩熔体的“弥散”性交代     

Temporal variations in surface ozone and its precursors and meteorological effects at an urban site in China

Continuous measurements of ozone and its precursors including NO, NO₂, and CO at an urban site (32°03′N, 118°44′E) in Nanjing, China during the period from January 2000 to February 2003 are presented. The effects of local meteorological conditions and distant transports associated with seasonal changed Asian monsoons on the temporal variations of O₃ and its precursors are studied by statistical, backward trajectory, and episode analyses. The diurnal variation in O₃ shows high concentrations during daytime and low concentrations during late night and early morning, while the precursors show high concentrations during night and early morning and low concentrations during daytime. The diurnal variations in air pollutants are closely related to those in local meteorological conditions. Both temperature and wind speed have significant positive correlations with O₃ and significant negative correlations with the precursors. Relative humidity has a significant negative correlation with O₃ and significant positive correlations with the precursors. The seasonal variation in O₃ shows low concentrations in late autumn and winter and high concentrations in late spring and early summer, while the precursors show high concentrations in late autumn and winter and low concentrations in summer. Local mobile and stationary sources make a great contribution to the precursors, but distant transports also play a very important role in the seasonal variations of the air pollutants. The distant transport associated with the southeastern maritime monsoon contributes substantially to the O₃ because the originally clean maritime air mass is polluted when passing over the highly industrialized and urbanized areas in the Yangtze River Delta. The high frequency of this type of air mass in summer causes the fact that a common seasonal characteristic of surface O₃ in East Asia, summer minimum, is not observed at this site. The distant transports associated with the northern continental monsoons that dominate in autumn and winter are related to the high concentrations of the precursors in these two seasons. This study can contribute to a better understanding of the O₃ pollution in vast inland of China affected by meteorological conditions and the rapid urbanization and industrialization.     

作物霜冻与低温强度及冰核菌密度的关系

应用辐射型霜箱进行控制试验，研究玉米霜冻害程度与低温强度和冰核菌密度的关系。结果表明逻辑斯蒂克(logistic)方程只有在没有冰核菌或冰核菌密度很小的条件下才能描述霜冻与温度的关系，而理查兹(Richards)方程能够在各种冰核菌密度下很好地描述三者的关系。进而讨论了这种关系在确定霜冻指标，制作霜冻预报，选用防霜方法等方面的应用。     

近20年来淇澳岛红树林湿地景观格局分析

该文分析近20a来淇澳岛红树林湿地景观格局演变,采用遥感和GIS相结合的方法,利用遥感图像处理软件ERDAS对3个时相(1988年、1995年、2002年)的Landsat TM遥感图像应用专家系统方法分类;结合ARCGIS8．1,辅助FRAGSTATS3．01景观软件计算斑块和类型水平上的景观格局指数。淇澳岛红树林面积呈上升趋势,1988年、1995年和2002年分别为20．16hm^2、28．08hm^2、57．96hm^2;斑块数目从1988年的1个增加到2002年的18个,总斑块密度、平均斑块周长面积比呈上升趋势;平均斑块大小、平均斑块分维数、平均斑块形状指数呈下降趋势。近20a来淇澳岛红树林湿地景观受人为干扰,景观破碎化程度不断扩大,需对湿地多功能景观进行科学调控。     

香蒲、灯心草人工湿地的研究——Ⅰ.净化污水的效果

本文研究了种植香蒲Ｔｙｐｈａ ａｎｇｕｓｔｉｆｏｌｉａ或灯心草Ｊｕｎｃｕｓ ｅｆｆｕｓｕｓ的人工湿地对城镇污水和人工不污染物的净化效果,调查了香蒲,灯心草不同季节的生长差异及高浓度污水冲击负荷对其生长的影响。香蒲,灯心草人工湿地净化城镇污水,出水水质总体上达到国家Ⅱ,Ⅲ类地面水标准,灯心草湿地对人工污水中凯氏氮,总磷,化学耗氧量地去除率维持在９４％以上,氨氮的去除率为８２．７％－９９．７％;在正常     

Comparison of the rise of water level in the typical catchments,Three Gorges Reservoir area

Water level is an important index for studying hydrologic processes. Water level rise processes were studied in three catchments (catchment I, II, III in Chen Jiagou watershed in the Three Gorge Reservoir Area) with different areas to provide useful information to inform data extension from a gauged-catchment to an ungauged catchment. The results showed that there are seasonal changes in the dominant driving mode of the rise of the water level. The rise of the water level in March is likely mainly driven by the mode of stored-full runoff, and in September or October, it is mainly driven by Horton-flow. The correlation coefficients of all indexes were significant among the three catchments, suggesting that these catchments have similarities and that water level data extension is likely to be completed successfully between the large catchment (III-Catchment) and the small catchment (I-Catchment). It was confirmed that there is good similarity between the 0.6 km2 and 6 km2 catchments, and the data correlation is good between the catchments with the area differences in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. In addition, the rise processes of the water level in the catchments were not only different under the same rain conditions, but this difference could also change with the rain condition.     

大鹏湾的赤潮生态仿真模型

通过海洋动力学和赤潮生物动力学相结合的方法，建立了一个赤潮发生的仿真模型。模型包括水动力、扩用和生物动力学三部分，综合考虑了潮流、营养物质等环境要素的时空变化对赤潮过程的影响，并以大鹏湾夜光藻赤潮为例进行了数值模拟。模型再现了赤潮发生前海水中营养物质的浓度一次明显的增高，而在赤潮发育盛期营养物质降至低谷的现象并反映了赤潮物质容易在海湾的角落等水交换不畅的地域聚集的情况。     

淀山湖蓝藻发生程度气象预测模型

为了为淀山湖蓝藻控制提供技术依据,根据1998—2009年淀山湖蓝藻发生程度和同期气象资料,用相关分析方法分析淀山湖蓝藻暴发的气象条件,用逐步判别方法建立淀山湖蓝藻发生程度的气象预测模型。结果表明:主要影响淀山湖蓝藻暴发的气象因子是温度。气象指标为:7—8月平均气温大于等于29℃,6—9月日最高气温大于等于35℃日数大于等于16天,7—8月日照时数大于等于420h,6—8月降水量小于等于420mm;气象预测模型Ⅰ(起报时间6月初)和模型Ⅱ(起报时间8月初)拟合的准确率分别为91.7%和100%;2010年试报,模型Ⅰ预测正确,模型Ⅱ预测值比实际值低1级。建立的淀山湖蓝藻发生程度气象预测模型可应用于业务。