中国西南山地喀斯特与非喀斯特森林的生物量与生产力比较

利用1989—1993年中国西南5省区(广西、贵州、云南、四川包括重庆、湖南)森林清查资料,估算和分析了1968个样点森林的生物量和净第一性生产力特征与空间分布格局,重点比较喀斯特森林与非喀斯特森林生物量与生产力的差异.结果表明:中国西南地区森林平均总生物量为148.66 t.hm-2,净第一性生产力达到9.64 t.hm-2.a-1;喀斯特森林的生物量(124.33 t.hm-2)小于非喀斯特森林(163.48 t.hm-2),而喀斯特森林的生产力(8.67t.hm-2.a-1)总体上也小于非喀斯特森林(9.56 t.hm-2.a-1),但在不同的省份中存在差异;作为西南山地的主要森林类型,亚热带和热带的针叶林与山地针叶林、亚热带常绿阔叶林和常绿落叶阔叶混交林中,喀斯特森林的平均生物量(122.95 t.hm-2)和生产力(8.77t.hm-2.a-1)也均低于非喀斯特森林(分别为152.88 t.hm-2和9.92 t.hm-2.a-1);天然林和人工林中的生物量和生产力同样表现出喀斯特森林低于非喀斯特森林的特征.这种差异说明喀斯特生境严酷,在相同的生物气候条件下,喀斯特土层的浅薄和地下水的渗漏胁迫限制了喀斯特森林的生长和生物量积累.     

A Last Glacial Maximum pollen record from Bodmin Moor showing a possible cryptic northern refugium in southwest England

A late Devensian palynological record is presented from Dozmary Pool (Bodmin Moor, southwest England), beyond the southern limit of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) British Ice Sheet. The pollen assemblages indicate predominantly herbaceous tundra–steppe communities but also include elevated levels (typically 10–20%) of conifer tree pollen (Picea, Pinus, Abies) and lower but persistent percentages of broadleaf tree pollen during the LGM. This record is seemingly at odds with the orthodox view of an entirely treeless tundra–steppe environment for this region and elimination of tree species from the British Isles during glacial maxima. Long‐distance pollen transport seems an unlikely explanation for the tree pollen considering distance to the nearest known refugia, except possibly for Pinus. Reworking of the tree pollen, often invoked in these circumstances, remains a possible alternative, especially given the abundance of these trees in the region during early Devensian interstadials. However, this explanation has been challenged by studies reporting plant macrofossil and faunal evidence for survival of temperate biota during glacial maxima and from climate modelling work that suggests some trees could have survived the glacial extremes in areas well beyond the recorded glacial refugia. Assuming reworking was not a major factor, the Dozmary Pool pollen record is consistent with the ‘cryptic northern refugia hypothesis’ that invokes survival of trees in small, scattered populations under locally favourable conditions during glacial maxima. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

岩浆通道系统与岩浆硫化物成矿研究新进展

大型-超大型岩浆硫化物矿床的形成需要满足3个基本条件:(1)大量幔源岩浆参与成矿;(2)岩浆演化导致硫化物熔离;(3)硫化物在有限空间聚集。然而,除Sudbury矿床外,全球与镁铁质岩浆有关的超大型铜镍硫化物矿床都发现于小的镁铁-超镁铁岩体中。近10年来的研究表明这些含矿岩体实际上都是岩浆通道系统的一部分,中国金川、杨柳坪、喀拉通克、红旗岭等大型和超大型Ni-Cu-(PGE)硫化物矿床都形成于岩浆通道系统中,正是岩浆通道这样特殊的开放系统为大规模岩浆硫化物矿床提供了成矿条件。总结国内外最新研究结果,可以发现与成矿有关的岩浆通道系统都分布在深大断裂附近,大规模的幔源岩浆补充与地幔柱、大陆裂谷、碰撞造山后伸展等地质事件有密切的关系。尽管研究证明硫化物熔离都与地壳物质的混染有关,但矿石各种元素的品位却受母岩浆性质、硫化物熔离强度、与新注入镁铁质岩浆反应、以及硫化物本身结晶分异等多重因素的影响;含矿岩体和硫化物矿体的形态和大小都强烈地受围岩地质特征的控制。进一步明确这类矿床的地质特征、形成机制、成矿背景和成矿标志,对未来的研究和找矿工作都是非常必要的。     

羊栖菜多糖的提取和抗氧化活性研究

羊栖菜(Sargassum fusiforme)是一种有"长寿菜"美誉的经济藻类,其中的多糖成分具有良好的抗氧化活性。本文依次用冷水和热水处理羊栖菜藻粉,得到两种多糖:冷水浸提多糖(SFCP)和热水煮提多糖(SFHP);随后对这两种多糖的理化性质进行比较,并通过测定二者对DPPH和羟自由基的清除能力评价其抗氧化活性。结果表明,两种多糖都是含有硫酸根的岩藻聚糖,但是SFCP中糖醛酸含量较高,分子质量分布集中,而SFHP中硫酸根含量较多,分子质量分布较宽,且二者硫酸根取代位置不同。两种多糖对DPPH和羟自由基均有一定的清除效果,且清除率与浓度存在剂量依赖关系。相比较而言,SFCP对自由基的清除效率较好。     

1960-2007年中国地表潜在蒸散发敏感性的时空变化(英文)

Potential evapotranspiration (E0), as an estimate of the evaporative demand of the atmosphere, has been widely studied in the fields of irrigation management, crop water demand and predictions in ungauged basins (PUBs). Analysis of the sensitivity of E0 to meteorological factors is a basic research on the impact of climate change on water resources, and also is important to the optimal allocation of agricultural water resources. This paper dealt with sensitivity of E0 over China, which was divided into ten drainage systems, including Songhua River basin, Liaohe River basin, Haihe River basin, Yellow River basin, Yangtze River basin, Pearl River basin, Huaihe River drainage system, Southeast river drainage system, Northwest river drainage system and Southwest river drainage system. In addition, the calculation method of global radiation in Penman-Monteith formula was improved by optimization, and the sensitivities of Penman-Monteith potential evapotranspiration to the daily maximum temperature (STmax), daily minimum temperature (STmin), wind speed (SU2), global radiation (SRs) and vapor pressure (SVP) were calculated and analyzed based on the long-term meteorological data from 653 meteorological stations in China during the period 1960-2007. Results show that: (1) the correlation coefficient between E0 and pan evaporation increased from 0.61 to 0.75. E0 had the decline trends in eight of ten drainage systems in China, which indicates that "pan evaporation paradox" commonly exists in China from 1960 to 2007. (2) Spatially, Tmax was the most sensitive factor in Haihe River basin, Yellow River basin, Huaihe River drainage system, Yangtze River basin, Pearl River basin and Southeast river drainage system, and VP was the most sensitive factor in Songhua River Basin, Liaohe River basin, Northwest river drainage system while Rs was the most sensitive factor in Southwest river drainage system. For the nation-wide average, the most sensitive factor was VP, followed by Tmax, Rs, U2 and Tmin. In addition, the changes in sensitivity coefficients had a certain correlation with elevation. (3) Temporally, the maximum values of STmax and SRs occurred in July, while the maximum values of STmin, SVP and SU2 occurred in January. Moreover, trend analysis indicates that STmax had decline trends, while STmin, SU2, SRs and SVP had increasing trends.     

<Superscript>57</Superscript>Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy,X-ray single-crystal diffractometry,and electronic structure calculations on natural sinhalites

Natural sinhalites, MgAlBO_4, from the Ratnapura District, Sri Lanka, and from Bodnar Quarry near Hamburg, Sussex Co., New Jersey, USA, have been characterized by ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, electron microprobe, X-ray single-crystal diffractometry and by electronic structure calculations in order to determine the oxidation state and site occupancy of iron in the sinhalite structure. The samples contain about 3.35 and 1.46 wt% of total iron oxide, respectively. The structure refinement is successful and reproduces the total iron content provided that the substitution of Mg²⁺ by Fe²⁺ on the M2 position only is assumed. The ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectra at 77, 293, 573 and 773 K can be resolved into two doublets with hyperfine parameters common for octahedrally coordinated high-spin Fe²⁺. There is no evidence for iron in the tetrahedral site. Electronic structure calculations in local spin density approximation yield hyperfine parameters for Fe²⁺ on the M2-site at 0, 293, 573 and 773 K in quantitative agreement with experiments. Calculated spectroscopic properties for Fe²⁺ on the M1-site are at variance with the experimental data and, thus, indicate that substitution of Al³⁺ by Fe²⁺, if occurring at all, must be accompanied by considerable local expansion and distortion of the M1-octahedron.     

氟铝交互作用对茶园土壤氟吸附动力学特征的影响

在氟的不同初始浓度及不同水土比情况下,茶园土壤对氟的吸附平衡时间均在25min左右,但对动力学方程拟合效果有一定差异,除了初始浓度为4.0mg/L(水土比10∶1)、20.0mg/L(水土比40∶1)、100.0mg/L(水土比40∶1和20∶1)处理氟的吸附动力学不能用一级动力学方程或二级动力学方程描述外,其余处理均可以用双常数方程、Elovich方程、一级动力学方程、二级动力学方程和抛物线方程这5个动力学方程描述。在铝存在下,不同氟铝比对氟的吸附动力学过程有明显影响,表现为吸附速率下降,吸附平衡时间延长,50min左右达吸附平衡。动力学方程拟合效果虽然有一定差异,但均可以用这5个动力学方程描述。在有无铝存在下,茶园土壤氟的吸附动力学特征用双常数方程和Elovich方程描述的效果更好。     

陕西地壳磁异常特征研究

利用NGDC-720-V3模型,计算了陕西地区地壳磁异常不同分量网点值,通过计算数据分析了该地区地壳磁异常基本形态及分区特征,结果表明:(1)陕西地壳磁异常各分量强度较弱,分布形态以宽缓的条带为主。(2)陕西北部三条正负相间的磁异常条带可能与基底大断裂有关,反映了块体内部早期不同基底的拼合。(3)陕西南部地壳磁异常总体表现为近东西向大面积的负异常,东部和西部负异常强度有所不同,可能与地壳内物性差异有关。     

天山1号冰川旅游资源可持续利用初探

文章在分析1号冰川旅游资源禀赋，客源市场特征和发展旅游业优，劣势的基础上，着重考虑旅游基础设施建设，旅游活动以及其它生产，生活行为可能对冰川地的自然环境，生态环境，景观美学质量等产生的负面效应，并进行相应的旅游环境影响评价，由此提出1号冰川旅游资源可持续利用策略。