尾矿库地质灾害发育特征及防治措施

本文以江西省德兴市铜矿尾矿库建设项目为例,在结合该区地质环境条件进行评估,分析预测了可能发生的地质灾害类型,并评估了其危险性大小。结果表明:评估区地质环境条件复杂,现状地质灾害中等-强发育,危害程度小,综合评估为地质灾害危险性中等区,建设用地适宜性为基本适宜;根据本工程生产过程中可能引发和遭受的地质灾害危险性大小,评估区划分为次重点防治区。综合考虑本项目建设引发和可能遭受的各种地质灾害防治工作技术难度不大,投入适当的工程处理可予消除。     

Dissolution kinetics of a lunar glass simulant at 25 degrees C: the effect of pH and organic acids

The dissolution kinetics of a simulated lunar glass were examined at pH 3, 5, and 7. Additionally, the pH 7 experiments were conducted in the presence of citric and oxalic acid at concentrations of 2 and 20 mM. The organic acids were buffered at pH 7 to examine the effect of each molecule in their dissociated form. At pH 3, 5, and 7, the dissolution of the synthetic lunar glass was observed to proceed via a two-stage process. The first stage involved the parabolic release of Ca, Mg, Al, and Fe, and the linear release of Si. Dissolution was incongruent, creating a leached layer rich in Si and Ti which was verified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). During the second stage the release of Ca, Mg, Al, and Fe was linear. A coupled diffusion/surface dissolution model was proposed for dissolution of the simulated lunar glass at pH 3, 5, and 7. During the first stage the initial release of mobile cations (i.e., Ca, Mg, Al, Fe) was limited by diffusion through the surface leached layer of the glass (parabolic release), while Si release was controlled by the hydrolysis of the Si-O-Al bonds at the glass surface (linear release). As dissolution continued, the mobile cations diffused from greater depths within the glass surface. A steady-state was then reached where the diffusion rate across the increased path lengths equalled the Si release rate from the surface. In the presence of the organic acids, the dissolution of the synthetic lunar glass proceeded by a one stage process. The release of Ca, Mg, Al, and Fe followed a parabolic relationship, while the release of Si was linear. The relative reactivity of the organic acids used in the experiments was citrate > oxalate. A thinner leached layer rich in Si/Ti, as compared to the pH experiments, was observed using TEM. Rate data suggest that the chemisorption of the organic anion to the surface silanol groups was responsible for enhanced dissolution in the presence of the organic acids. It is proposed that the increased rate of Si release is responsible for the one stage parabolic release of mobile cations and the relatively thin leached layer compared to experiments at pH 3 and 5.     

A regression model to estimate regional ground water recharge

A regional regression model was developed to estimate the spatial distribution of ground water recharge in subhumid regions. The regional regression recharge (RRR) model was based on a regression of basin-wide estimates of recharge from surface water drainage basins, precipitation, growing degree days (GDD), and average basin specific yield (SY). Decadal average recharge, precipitation, and GDD were used in the RRR model. The RRR estimates were derived from analysis of stream base flow using a computer program that was based on the Rorabaugh method. As expected, there was a strong correlation between recharge and precipitation. The model was applied to statewide data in Minnesota. Where precipitation was least in the western and northwestern parts of the state (50 to 65 cm/year), recharge computed by the RRR model also was lowest (0 to 5 cm/year). A strong correlation also exists between recharge and SY. SY was least in areas where glacial lake clay occurs, primarily in the northwest part of the state; recharge estimates in these areas were in the 0- to 5-cm/year range. In sand-plain areas where SY is greatest, recharge estimates were in the 15- to 29-cm/year range on the basis of the RRR model. Recharge estimates that were based on the RRR model compared favorably with estimates made on the basis of other methods. The RRR model can be applied in other subhumid regions where region wide data sets of precipitation, streamflow, GDD, and soils data are available.     

Effects of alumina refinery wastewater and signature metal constituents at the upper thermal tolerance of: 1. The tropical diatom Nitzschia closterium

Ecotoxicological studies, using the tropical marine diatom, Nitzschia closterium (72-h growth rate), were undertaken to assess potential issues relating to the discharge from an alumina refinery in northern Australia. The studies assessed: (i) the species’ upper thermal tolerance; (ii) the effects of three signature metals, aluminium (Al), vanadium (V) and gallium (Ga) (at 32 °C); and (iii) the effects of wastewater (at 27 and 32 °C). The critical thermal maximum and median inhibition temperature for N. closterium were 32.7 °C and 33.1 °C, respectively. Single metal toxicity tests found that N. closterium was more sensitive to Al compared to Ga and V, with IC₅₀s (95% confidence limits) of 190 (140-280), 19,640 (11,600-25,200) and 42,000 (32,770-56,000) μg L⁻¹, respectively. The undiluted wastewater samples were of low toxicity to N. closterium (IC₅₀s > 100% wastewater). Environmental chemistry data suggested that the key metals and discharge are a very low risk to this species.     

前陆盆地砂岩中的重复性地层模式及其构造意义

通过比较各段中每个准层序的进积规模和各次层序海相上倾终端的位置，在犹他州上白垩统布莱克霍克组的段内建立了两种独特的重复出现的堆叠地层模式。在同一段内，不论层序界面是否分隔开准层序，最虫的准层序总是比较晚的准层序进积较远。其结果是在各段中，进积距离的样式导致了从先进积到后加积的地层堆叠模式。     

汽车碰撞调查摄影测量系统的数字扩展

作者设计了一种经济的软拷贝形式的摄影测量系统，该系统是为调查汽车碰撞而研制的。最初，该系统是以软片为基础的，使用由两个非量测摄影机构成的立体摄影机摄取影像，用一台幻灯投影器和一平板式数字化仪相组织，将像点坐标数字化。在所设计的数字化系统中，仍然采用立体摄影取影像，软片经摄影处理后，利用台式扫描仪获得影像的“软”拷贝。有了数字影像，就可以进行若干程度不同的自动化处理。此种软拷贝的摄影测量系统不再需要     

近景环境下用CCD摄影机进行像片三角测量

数字摄像机和影像获取器的价格不断降低，加上其分辨率较高，结果是使用此类摄影机的摄影测量应用场合愈来愈多。原因是其在影像获取和影像量测的速度及自动化方面具有优势。本文中使用了标准帧转换电荷耦合器件摄影机来获近近影景数字影响，以用于像片三角测量，将该方法确定标志点三维坐标的精度与传统的三角测量方法的精度进行了比较，借助计算机的监视器，按交互方式利用了两种影像处理技术（影像相关和瞬间存贮）来测量标志点。