西班牙LaCodosera地区钻孔中金品位与矿脉厚度间的分形关系

西班牙西部钻孔中石英脉厚度和金品位的分析表明二者大体服从幂次律分布，暗含着一种分形关系。脉厚（ｔ）对累积频率（Ｎ）的双对数困反映出与金、品位有关的系统变化。在方程Ｎ＝ｃｔ￣（－Ｄ）中的幂指数Ｄ，在高品位区间内较低，表明较厚的脉中扩张作用较强，从而为含金流体的运移提供了通过。因此，脉体厚度分布的鉴别为区别脉状金矿床中矿化与非矿化构造提供了一种方法。     

麻粒岩相混合岩的出熔

麻粒岩相地体中的混合岩一般由发育于较细粒的叶理化基质中的一些粗粒的无水残留体细脉或网脉(活化体)所构成,我们认为这些特征是不一致的脱水熔融反应的结果(Waters,1988)。活化体并不代表分离熔融的成分,而是代表不同比例的(i)熔体(ii)不一致熔融的固体产物以及(iii)反应中没有被消耗掉的剩余相。在变质泥质岩和黑云母片麻岩中,近固相线的熔融成分为花岗质的,其水的含量可以做为T的函数估算出来,熔融反应可以达到平衡,因此生成相的相对体积也可预测。我们将计算的产物与实际观察的南非Nawagudand麻粒岩相混合岩的相分配和数量进行比较,在角闪岩与麻粒岩过渡带(约750℃)大约活化体中的典型成份表明有10     

时间──比例尺系统中的客观存在和制图表示

本文试图提出规范化制图表示知识的观点。什么是世界上的客观存在要依据时间和比例尺而定，因此就有了由低到高不同层次的客观存在。制图表示就是对时间──比例尺系统中某个特定位置上现实世界的图形记录。本文还讨论了该时间──比例尺中客观存在在比例尺和时间维中的变化。     

A closed form slug test theory for high permeability aquifers

We incorporate a linear estimate of casing friction into the analytical slug test theory of Springer and Gelhar (1991) for high permeability aquifers. The modified theory elucidates the influence of inertia and casing friction on consistent, closed form equations for the free surface, pressure, and velocity fluctuations for overdamped and underdamped conditions. A consistent, but small, correction for kinetic energy is included as well. A characteristic velocity linearizes the turbulent casing shear stress so that an analytical solution for attenuated, phase shifted pressure fluctuations fits a single parameter (damping frequency) to transducer data from any depth in the casing. Underdamped slug tests of 0.3, 0.6, and 1 m amplitudes at five transducer depths in a 5.1 cm diameter PVC well 21 m deep in the Plymouth-Carver Aquifer yield a consistent hydraulic conductivity of 1.5 x 10(-3) m/s. The Springer and Gelhar (1991) model underestimates the hydraulic conductivity for these tests by as much as 25% by improperly ascribing smooth turbulent casing friction to the aquifer. The match point normalization of Butler (1998) agrees with our fitted hydraulic conductivity, however, when friction is included in the damping frequency. Zurbuchen et al. (2002) use a numerical model to establish a similar sensitivity of hydraulic conductivity to nonlinear casing friction.     

Electrical resistance sensors record spring flow timing, Grand Canyon, Arizona

Springs along the south rim of the Grand Canyon, Arizona, are important ecological and cultural resources in Grand Canyon National Park and are discharge points for regional and local aquifers of the Coconino Plateau. This study evaluated the applicability of electrical resistance (ER) sensors for measuring diffuse, low-stage (<1.0 cm) intermittent and ephemeral flow in the steep, rocky spring-fed tributaries of the south rim. ER sensors were used to conduct a baseline survey of spring flow timing at eight sites in three spring-fed tributaries in Grand Canyon. Sensors were attached to a nearly vertical rock wall at a spring outlet and were installed in alluvial and bedrock channels. Spring flow timing data inferred by the ER sensors were consistent with observations during site visits, with flow events recorded with collocated streamflow gauging stations and with local precipitation gauges. ER sensors were able to distinguish the presence of flow along nearly vertical rock surfaces with flow depths between 0.3 and 1.0 cm. Laboratory experiments confirmed the ability of the sensors to monitor the timing of diffuse flow on impervious surfaces. A comparison of flow patterns along the stream reaches and at springs identified the timing and location of perennial and intermittent flow, and periods of increased evapotranspiration.