Environmental ethics and regional sustainable development

The scientific environmental ethics plays a key role in the recognition of the human- environment interactions. Modern environmental ethics is the philosophical re-thinking of modern human race environmental behavior. The development of environmental ethics theory, as well as its application in reality, determines the viewpoints of environmental ethics. Sustainable development implies harmony on human-environment interactions and inter- generation responsibility, with emphasis on a harmonious relationship among population, resources, environment and development, so as to lay a sustainable and healthy foundation of resources and environment for future generations. The harmonious society construction in China that is raised by the Chinese central government should be covered by environmental ethics. The connotation of open environmental ethics includes a respect for nature, care for the individual human race, and respect for the development of future generations, which means giving consideration to natural values, individual and human race benefits and welfare across generations. The role of environmental ethics in regional development consists of cognition, criticism, education, inspiration, adjusting, legislation and promoting environmental regulations. The major problems in regional development are extensive resource exploration, fast population growth, irrational industrial structure, unfair welfare distribution and the twofold effects of science and technology development. The formulation of environmental ethics that aims at regional sustainable development, can not only harmonize the relationship of population, resource, environment and economic development, but also guide behavior selection, push social and political system transformation, strengthen the legal system, and raise environmental awareness of the public.     

区域土地利用变化对生态系统脆弱性影响评估——以广州市花都区为例

本文在分析生态系统脆弱性概念与评价方法基础上,以土地利用变化引起的生态系统服务价值改变为影响力指标,以社会经济发展程度表征社会经济适应能力指标,构建区域土地利用变化对生态系统脆弱性影响评价和和空间表达方法,将生态系统脆弱性研究拓展到人类(社会)—自然(生态、环境)耦合系统的综合分析与评价,以广州市花都区为例,从花都区、乡镇两个空间尺度上进行了评价。结果表明:(1)在1980～1990年、1990～2000年和2000～2005年三个时间段,耕地面积的变化对该区生态系统服务功能影响最为显著;(2)1990～2000年和2000～2005年间,研究区社会经济适应性指数保持为正,两期平均值分别为0.391和0.374;(3)从研究区1990～2000年和2000～2005年两期脆弱性空间分布来看,虽然适应能力的提高在一定程度上缓解了土地利用变化对生态系统的负向影响,但总体呈现脆弱趋势,且脆弱性严重的乡镇数在时间尺度上呈现增加趋势。     

基于扎根理论的节事场所与会展场馆场所依赖差异——以2011西安世界园艺博览会园区和琶洲国际会展中心为例

通过两个典型案例的对比,以2011西安世界园艺博览会园区和广州琶洲国际会展中心为研究区域,采用深度访谈和参与观察等手段获取研究资料,运用扎根理论分别对节事场所和会展场所的场所依赖的维度进行挖掘和提炼,归纳出个体、社会、场所和事件四个主要范畴,在此基础上比较研究节事场所和会展场馆场所依赖的差异。研究发现:观众在节事场所当中把个人视为"游憩者",节事场所被看作是一个"游憩空间",具有"根基性场所"的特点,观众在与节事场所的互动中倾向于情感性的依赖;观众在会展场馆当中把个人视为"消费者",会展场馆被看作是一个"消费空间",具有"工具性场所"的特点,观众在与会展场所的互动中倾向于功能性的依赖。     

The formation of boundary clinopyroxenes and associated glass veins in type B1 CAIs

Abstract— We used focused ion beam thin section preparation and scanning transmission electron microscopy (FIB/STEM) to examine the interfacial region between spinel and host melilite for spinel grains in type B1 inclusions from the Allende and Leoville carbonaceous chondrites. Boundary clinopyroxenes decorating spinel surfaces have compositions similar to those of coarser clinopyroxenes from the same region of the inclusion, suggesting little movement after formation. Host melilite displays no anomalous compositions near the interface and late‐stage minerals are not observed, suggesting that boundary pyroxenes did not form by crystallization of residual liquid. Allende spinels display either direct spinel‐melilite contact or an intervening boundary clinopyroxene between the two phases. Spinel‐melilite interfacial regions in a Leoville B1 are more complex, with boundary clinopyroxene, as observed in Allende, but also variable amounts of glass, secondary calcite, perovskite, and an Mg‐, Al‐, OH‐rich and Ca‐, Si‐poor crystalline phase that may be a layered double hydrate. One possible scenario of formation for the glass veins is that open system alteration of melilite produced a porous, hydrated aggregate of Mg‐carpholite or sudoite + aluminous diopside that was shock melted and quenched to a glass. The hydrated crystalline phase we observed may have been a shocked remnant of the precursor phase assemblage, but is more likely to have formed later by alteration of the glass. In the mantle, boundary clinopyroxenes may have been crystallized from Ti‐rich liquids formed by the direct dissolution of perovskite and an associated Sc‐Zr‐rich phase or as a reaction product between dissolving perovskite and liquid. In the core, any perovskite and associated Ti‐enriched liquids that may have originally been present disappeared before the growth of boundary clinopyroxene, and the observed boundary clinopyroxene may have nucleated and grown from the liquid, along with the larger core clinopyroxene.     

用于区域陆面过程模拟的土壤特征参数的空间插值方法研究

用于气候模型的陆地过程模型包括陆地水文过程模型和地球生物化学过程模型等,它们需要网格化的土壤物理和化学属性资料。目前,用于该类模型的土壤资料基本上是来源于20世纪70年代联合国粮农组织的1：5000000土壤图和4300多个土壤剖面的属件资料,其中所用的中国地区的土壤剖面资料不足200个。这些资料显然不能很好地表达中国区域土壤的空间分异性。早在20世纪80年代中国就开展了大规模全国范围的土壤普查,积累了数以万计土壤剖面的属性资料,但都是纸质数据。根据需要,作者已数字化近10000个中国土壤剖面的属性数据。为了模型的应用,需要对属性数据进行空间网格化处理。但土壤具有高度的空间分异性,为了使网格数据具有好的空间代表性,需要对空间插值方法进行研究。利用空间插值的方法对土壤要素的空间变异的研究,已有大量工作,但所研究区域范围较小,要素单一。作者基于1：1000000土壤地图,利用反距离权重空间插值法,对中国土壤属性进行了空间插值,最终结果表明：对于土壤中砂粒含量、粘粒含量、有机质值以及全氮含量的插值计算,基于相邻剖面反距离权重法的空间插值效果要优于同一土属下土种的空间插值;而对于粉粒含量、全磷含量和pH值的插值计算,利用同一土属下土种的空间插值效果则更优;对于土壤全钾含量的插值结果,两种方法相差不大。     

利用微波辐射计对南京2013年12月霾天大气温湿结构的探测分析

利用高时间分辨率的微波辐射计数据分析南京逆温层结构与雾霾天气的关系。首先将南京MP-3000A型地基微波辐射计2013年12月的数据与常规探空资料的温度和相对湿度进行对比,以确定微波辐射计数据的可用性,结果表明:微波辐射计反演的气温与常规探空资料十分接近,而相对湿度的效果则差了很多。再利用微波辐射计对南京市2013年12月的霾天气过程进行分析,发现在受秸秆焚烧的影响阶段(12月1~9日),污染物浓度与逆温层没有明显的相关;在没有秸秆焚烧影响阶段(12月10~31日),污染物浓度变化与逆温层厚度、强度呈显著的滞后正相关,和底高有显著的滞后负相关;定量化分析表明重度污染和中度污染对应的逆温层阈值一致,轻度污染对应的逆温层阈值明显较小。     

Sensitivity of the Carbon Storage of Potential Vegetation to Historical Climate Variability and CO2 in Continental China

The interest in the national levels of the terrestrial carbon sink and its spatial and temporal variability with the climate and CO2 concentrations has been increasing. How the climate and the increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations in the last century affect the carbon storage in continental China was investigated in this study by using the Modified Sheffield Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (M-SDGVM). The estimates of the M-SDGVM indicated that during the past 100 years a combination of increasing CO2 with historical temperature and precipitation variability in continental China have caused the total vegetation carbon storage to increase by 2.04 Pg C, with 2.07 Pg C gained in the vegetation biomass but 0.03 Pg C lost from the organic soil carbon matter. The increasing CO2 concentration in the 20th century is primarily responsible for the increase of the total potential vegetation carbon. These factorial experiments show that temperature variability alone decreases the total carbon storage by 1.36 Pg C and precipitation variability alone causes a loss of 1.99 Pg C. The effect of the increasing CO2 concentration alone increased the total carbon storage in the potential vegetation of China by 3.22 Pg C over the past 100 years. With the changing of the climate, the CO2 fertilization on China's ecosystems is the result of the enhanced net biome production (NBP), which is caused by a greater stimulation of the gross primary production (GPP) than the total soil-vegetation respiration. Our study also shows notable interannual and decadal variations in the net carbon exchange between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems in China due to the historical climate variability.     

国外前寒武纪铁建造的研究进展与有待深入探讨的问题

形成于早前寒武纪的铁建造,是一种富铁〔w(TFe)>15%〕的硅质化学沉积岩,其主要矿物组成是铁氧化物(磁铁矿和赤铁矿)及石英。根据铁建造的岩相学特征,将其划分为条带状铁建造和粒状铁建造;根据铁建造的沉积环境,将条带状铁建造划分为与火山岩有关的Algoma型和与细碎屑-碳酸盐岩有关的Superior型2种类型。铁建造的出现,起始于38亿年前,主要集中于28～18亿年,在18亿年之后有一个连续的缺失,但在8亿年左右因雪球事件而重新少量出现。Algoma型铁建造主要发育于中-新太古代,而Superior型则集中出现于古元古代;前者多形成于前寒武纪克拉通化之前,与海相火山活动和陆壳巨量增生密切相关,而后者多形成于克拉通化之后,与稳定发育的克拉通盆地和大气氧含量增加有关。Algoma型铁矿具有单个矿体规模较小、品位较低和多层发育等特征,而Superior型铁矿则具有单个矿体规模较大、品位较高、层位稳定等特征。由于铁建造在地质历史上大规模发育且不重复出现,所以,开展铁建造的研究不仅具有经济价值,而且具有重要的科学意义。铁建造的研究趋势是,在世界范围内进一步深化地球早期构造(地幔柱与早期板块构造)演化、水圈及大气圈组成与演化、地球早期生物活动,以及铁建造成因和时空分布规律等方面的研究。     

河北开滦矿区晚古生代煤对CH_4/CO_2二元气体等温解吸特性

研究了河北开滦矿区不同变质程度的煤对不同配比CH4/CO2二元气体等温解吸特性,并用扩展Langmuir方程的推论计算了CH4/CO2二元气体各组分在吸附相中的浓度,分析了其变化特征。结果表明:在开滦矿区煤对CH4/CO2二元气体解吸过程中,中等变质程度煤(Ro=1.21%)对混合气体的吸附能力大于低变质程度煤(Ro=0.58%),且混合气体中CO2浓度越大,总吸附量越多。吸附相中CH4的相对浓度是逐渐降低的,CO2的相对浓度是逐渐升高的。开滦矿区中等变质程度煤相对于低变质程度煤,用CO2气体置换煤层中CH4,可以获得较高的单位压降CH4解吸率,注入CO2的量越多、相对浓度越高,其置换效果就越好,更适于往煤层注入CO2提高煤层气产量技术的实施。     

1999—2008年中国地区雪密度的时空分布及其影响特征

利用1999—2008年地面积雪观测资料,对全国范围内的雪密度时空分布特征进行分析.结果表明,西北和东北是我国主要的积雪区,从10月到翌年4月基本都有雪存在.全国雪密度每月的最高值从10月份开始到1月份一直南移,从1月份到4月份不断北移.最大密度发生在1月份江南地区的湖南和江西的交界处.江南地区积雪持续时间短,变化明显,属于瞬时性积雪.东北和新疆地区的雪密度也相对较高,积雪持续时间长,雪密度变化相对平稳,大部分属于季节性积雪.在东北和西北地区选取9个站点进行雪密度的变化研究,可以看出:从11月中旬到3月上旬是雪密度稳定期,10月到11月上旬和3月中旬到4月是雪密度非稳定期.对西北和东北的降水、气温、雪深和雪密度做相关分析,表明:雪深是西北和东北地区雪密度的主要贡献因子.