Spatial Aspects of Restrictions on Registered Sex Offenders

Restrictions in the USA on registered sex offenders (RSOs) are examined from the spatial aspects. The long history of various restrictions imposed by government, particularly local ones, is covered in the introduction. Spatial aspects, such as delineation of zones from which certain activities or certain people are excluded is the focus. Then the nature of restrictions on RSOs is considered at the state, county and municipal level. Typical of restrictions are that RSOs are prohibited from moving into residence within a prescribed distance of certain features in a community. The distances are typically 1,000 feet but are quite variable. Typical proscribed venues are schools, parks and day care centers, but there can be many others such as bus stops. Spatial aspects of these restrictions, such as how offender locations are geocoded and represented and how proscribed venues are delineated is analyzed. Specific details and theoretical concerns related to the many problematic issues with RSO restrictions is presented. In particular questions of their constitutionality and efficacy are raised. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of RSO restrictions for the discipline of geography in general and for the evolution of increasingly precise methods of spatial analysis in particular.     

中国工业化、城镇化、农业现代化、信息化、绿色化“五化”协调定量评价的进展与反思

工业化、城镇化、农业现代化、信息化、绿色化“五化”是社会现代化战略的重要支撑。“五化”协调定量评价是近年来一个研究热点。本文通过梳理和总结国内关于“五化”协调发展定量研究发现：①“五化”协调发展的内涵解读不一,评价时往往选择单指标,与综合指标差异很大。②权重计算以熵权法为主,层次分析法等主观评价方法较少,主客观评价结合更少。③协调水平的研究方法主要以耦合度、耦合协调度为主,其次为关系拟合与趋势预测法、DEA动态效率+HR模型、同步度模型等,并出现了系统性研究方法以及多种方法的交叉,研究方法的层次不断提高。④空间分析方法以空间分类与探索性空间数据分析为主,空间重心转移轨迹、空间格局的动态演进、空间趋势分析等研究方法逐渐出现。⑤时空分异的机理分析主要以影响因子解读与多元线性回归模型为主,空间滞后模型(SLM)、空间误差模型(SEM)、地理加权回归模型(GWR)等考虑空间因素的回归模型开始出现。但“化”的过程性、阶段性分析不足,“化”与“化”协调发展的转折点及转型机制分析不足。根据研究进展的评析,从研究范式、指标选择与权重计算、研究方法、空间分析技术、时空分异的机理解释等方面进行了反思,提出了加强“五化”协调发展的内在机理与评价维度分析、加强指标体系构建和权重设置的合理性研究、采用多元的“五化”协调度评价方法、加强空间分析技术的综合应用、促进定量解释与定性解释的结合等建议。     

Spatial and temporal variation of drought index in a typical steep alpine terrain in Hengduan Mountains

This study describes the spatial and temporal variation of a drought index and makes inferences regarding the environmental factors that influence this variability in the Hengduan Mountains. A drought index is typically used to determine the moisture conditions and the magnitude of water deficiency in a given area. Based on data from 26 meteorological stations over the period 1960-2012, the spatial and temporal variations of the drought index were analyzed using a thin plate smoothing splines method that considered elevation as a covariate. The drought index was estimated based on the potential evapotranspiration (E₀) as defined by the Penman Monteith model modified by FAO (1998). The results of the reported analysis showed that the drought index in the Hengduan Mountains has been decreasing since 1960 at a rate of -0.008/a. This represented a progressive shift from the "sub-humid" class, which typified the wider area in the Hengduan Mountains, toward the "humid" class, which appeared in the Hengduan Mountains areas. The drought index was relatively high in the north and low in the south and the variation of the drought index varied with seasons. The drought index showed increasing trends in summer and autumn and it is greater in autumn than in summer, while it showed a decreasing trend in spring and winter. Drought index is inversely proportional to the soil relative humidity and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI).     

Meiofauna Distribution in Intertidal Sandy Beaches Along China Shoreline(18?–40?N)

In this study,the distribution pattern of meiofauna from nine sandy beaches at six latitudinal gradients along Chinese coast between 18 and 40?N was studied on their meiofauna abundance to examine the effect of latitudinal gradients.In general,meiofauna abundance was lower in four subtropical beaches in Xiamen(24?N) and Zhoushan(29?N) than that in other beaches.Meiofauna abundance differed little between tropical and temperate beaches.The taxonomic structure of meiofauna showed a dominance of nematode in colder area.The relative composition of turbellarians and polychaetes increased in warmer area.In addition to latitudinal gradient,salinity,oxygenation,sediment grain size affect also the meiofauna latitudinal distribution.As for horizontal distribution,the highest meiofauna abundance was found in low tidal zone at tropical beaches,and in middle tidal zone at temperate beaches.The horizontal distribution of meiofauna was controlled by both physical and biotic factors including feeding and anthropogenic activities.Although meiofauna abundance exhibited a horizontal difference,the composition of meiofaunal main taxa was unanimous horizontally at all beaches at the same sampling latitude.     

Comparison of Nutritional Quality in Fish Maw Product of Croaker Protonibea diacanthus and Perch Lates niloticus

Fish maw(the dried swimbladders of fish) is ranked in the list of the four sea treasures in Chinese cuisine. Fish maw is mainly produced from croaker, which is the most highly priced. However, some of the fish maw being sold as croaker maw are in fact not from croaker, but from the Nile perch Lates niloticus. The present work determined and compared the proximate composition, amino acid and fatty acid composition of croaker Protonibea diacanthus maw and perch L. niloticus maw. The results indicated that both maws were high protein sources and low in fat content. The dominant amino acids in both maws were glycine, proline, glutamic acid, alanine and arginine. These amino acids constituted 66.2% and 66.4% of the total amino acids in P. diacanthus and L. niloticus, respectively. The ratio of FAA: TAA(functional amino acids: total amino acids) in both maws were 0.69. This is a good explanation for why fish maws have been widely utilized as a traditional tonic and remedy in Asia. Except valine and histidine, all the essential amino acid contents in P. diacanthus were higher than in L. niloticus. Moreover, croaker P. diacanthus maw contained more AA and DHA than perch L. niloticus maw, showing a higher ratio of n-3 / n-6, which is more desirable.     

灰化法与微波消解法处理地电化学泡塑样品的分析效果对比研究

当前普遍使用灰化法对地电化学泡塑样品进行预处理,但可能存在高温下某些元素(如Hg、As)挥发损失的缺点。本文选择了内蒙古洛恪顿热液型铅锌多金属矿床一条地电化学勘查剖面,开展灰化法及微波消解法处理地电化学泡塑样品的勘查效果对比研究,采用原子荧光光谱和高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱测定其中的主要元素。结果表明:①对于Zn、Cu、Fe、La等十余种元素,两种处理方法取得的异常模式基本一致,可根据实际工作需求任选一种方法进行样品预处理;②对于Au、Pb等元素,微波消解法因为取样量小,可能存在较严重的样品均匀性、代表性及分析检出限等问题,应采用灰化法;③对于Hg,灰化法存在显著的元素损失,更适合采用微波消解法;④对于As,两种方法均存在较大问题,建议参考植物样品尝试使用硝酸及高氯酸直接溶解等方法进行预处理。     

边界层微型火箭气象探空系统研制与应用

首次介绍了国内自主研制的边界层微型火箭气象探空系统,系统包括火箭发射装置、探空仪、降落伞、地基接收设备和数据接收处理软件,其温度、湿度和气压测量采用数字式传感器,风速和风向由北斗/GPS全球定位信息获得。火箭升空至顶点后,将探空仪和降落伞从仪器舱弹出,在下降过程中测量大气的温度、湿度、气压和风速、风向等参数,通过无线发射机传送至地面接收机,由处理软件实现数据存储和参数分析。不同地区、不同气象条件下多次外场比较试验和实际应用结果表明,该系统性能稳定,探测技术指标和功能满足使用单位的设备研制要求,可应用于气象保障、大气探测、环境监测及海洋气象要素廓线的观测。     

2013年1月持续性霾天气中影响污染程度的气象条件分析

利用南京本站气象观测记录、环保局监测数据以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析2013年1月持续性污染天气过程的大气环流背景,并结合南京地区探空资料、风廓线雷达资料以及激光雷达资料,分析这次持续性污染过程中空气质量属良好、轻度污染、中度污染、重度污染典型个例的大气垂直特征和边界层内气象条件的差异。得到如下结论:2013年1月份北方冷空气活动较弱,南京地区大气层结稳定,近地层风速小,污染物气象扩散条件差。加之近地层以弱偏东风为主,水汽较多,有利于污染物颗粒直径增大。大气垂直结构以及边界层内水平风速均对大气污染程度起到一定影响。AQI与逆温层高度存在显著负相关关系;大气污染时,1000 m以下出现逆温结构,且逆温层越低、越厚,污染程度越大;重度污染时,近地层出现贴地逆温层,厚度为700m左右。逆温层高度下降,PM₁₀颗粒物高浓度区高度也明显下降,近地层污染物浓度对垂直方向上污染物浓度正响应的高度降低。在空气质量良好时, 150~1500m存在风速大值区,且风无空,湍流作用明显,有利于污染物和周围的洁净空气相混合而得到稀释,加速污染物的垂直扩散进程。当中度污染日和典型重度污染日时,150~1500 m之间并不存在大风速区。此外, PM₁₀的300μg·m^-3高浓度垂直高度延伸至300 m附近时,近地层PM_2.5明显上升至100μg·m^-3以上,高浓度区数值越大,近地层PM_2.5越大。     

LEO-LEO掩星探测频点选择分析与仿真研究

LEO-LEO低轨掩星探测是高效的地球大气层探测技术,探测频率的选择是掩星探测计划的重要环节。首先,详细分析水的复介电常数与频率之间的关系,以及大气中水汽和氧气分子对电波的衰减情况,得出10~30 GHz适合作为LEO-LEO掩星的探测频段;其次,在可行探测频段范围内选择3个探测频点进行仿真研究,给出120次LEO-LEO掩星事件的温、压、湿廓线及对应的误差廓线图,并将仿真结果与标准大气模式对比:大气压力最大相对偏差为0.5%,温度最大标准偏差为0.8K,湿度最大标准偏差为0.47 g·kg~(-1),达到LEO-LEO掩星探测的精度要求;得出14.6GHz、17.4 GHz和22.6 GHz适合作为LEO-LEO掩星探测的频点,为LEO-LEO掩星探测频率的选择提供了参考。所得结论对进一步发展LEO-LEO掩星探测计划,提高大气探测精度具有重要的科学意义。     

准噶尔盆地侏罗纪含铀岩系的层序划分与对比

为对比分析准噶尔盆地侏罗纪含铀岩系的特征,在盆地北部、东部、南部筛选了3个钻透中下侏罗统西山窑组(J_2x)和八道湾组(J_1b)的钻孔,以岩性组合、沉积特征和测井曲线为基础,结合层序地层学原理和前人研究成果,对其含铀岩系进行了划分与对比。选择12个铀矿化异常孔编制了层序沉积连井模式图,讨论了层序充填及演化特征。结果表明:盆地不同位置地层层序差异较大,北缘从侏罗系下统三工河组到侏罗系上统齐古组(J_1s—J_3q)发育了3个三级层序和7个体系域。盆地东缘从侏罗系下统八道湾组到上统齐古组(J_1b—J_3q),发育了5个三级层序和12个体系域,整体经历了一个较为完整的湖侵过程,4个次级的湖侵湖退使湖平面达到最高位。南缘从侏罗系中统西山窑组到上统齐古组(J_2x—J_3q)发育了3个三级层序和7个体系域,经历一次构造隆升作用造成了大规模湖退事件和一次完整的湖侵事件。八道湾期至齐古期至少经历了两次完整的湖退、湖侵事件,整体上经历了一个先退积、后进积、再退积的过程。头屯河期湖退过程中形成的扇三角洲、辫状河砂体是主要的铀储层,也标志着一次重要的构造隆升事件。研究区岩相主要有辫状河、辫状河三角洲、湖泊、湖泊三角洲和扇三角洲5种沉积相类型和10种沉积亚相,含铀岩系亚相主要有辫状河道、扇三角洲平原、湖泊三角洲平原。西山窑组(J_2x)含煤建造上下发育2个区域性平行不整合面,界面之下发育大规模湖泊三角洲相的粘土层圈闭了上下两侧的砂体,是寻找砂岩型铀富集的有利区带。这些认识,不仅提高了准噶尔盆地侏罗系层序地层的对比划分的精度,而且对盆地控铀要素和形成环境研究及全面开展铀矿找矿工作意义重大。