Pollen assemblages and their environmental implications in the Qaidam Basin,NW China

The Qaidam Basin is one of the most sensitive areas to climate change in China, owing to its unique geographical position and ecological condition. In this study, 32 surface‐soil pollen samples were collected to reveal the relationship between modern pollen assemblages, vegetation and precipitation in the eastern region of the Qaidam Basin. The results show that Chenopodiaceae (3.8–87%, average 48%), Artemisia (1.7–64.2%, average 17.5%) and Ephedra (0–90%, average 16.3%) are the dominant pollen types in all samples, and that different pollen assemblages correspond to different vegetation types. DCA and CCA of major pollen types demonstrate that precipitation is an important factor in the control of the distribution of vegetation in the study area. The content and concentration of the three major pollen types (Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae and Ephedra) change with the mean annual precipitation, and the optimum mean annual precipitation for Ephedra, Chenopodiaceae and Artemisia is <80, 80–200 and >160 mm, respectively. Correlation analysis between the variation in grain size of the three major pollen types and the main environmental variables shows that the grain size of the three pollen types is positively correlated with precipitation in the Qaidam Basin. The results confirm that precipitation is the most important environmental factor in the Qaidam Basin, and that it has an important effect on pollen grain size in the study area.     

Trace element and REE geochemistry of the Zhewang gold deposit,southeastern Guizhou Province,China

The quartz vein-type gold deposits are widely hosted by the Neoproterozoic （Xiajiang Group） epimeta- morphic clastic rock series in southeastern Guizhou Province, China. The Zhewang gold deposit studied in this paper occurs in the second lithologieal member of the Pinglue Formation of the Xiajiang Group. Trace element geochemis- try of host rocks, quartz veins and arsenopyrite has revealed that ore-forming fluid was enriched in sulphophile ele- ments such as Au, Ag, As, Sb, Pb and Zn, and simultaneously concentrated some magmaphile elements such as W and Mo, which probably provides some evidence for multi-stage mineralization or overprinting of magmatic hydro- therm. Quartz veins and arsenopyrite were characterized by depletion in HFSE and enrichment in LREE. Hf/Sm, Nb/La and Th/La imply that the ore-forming fluid was probably a NaC1-H20 solution system enriched in more C1 than F; Th/U values reflect the strong reducibility of the ore-forming fluid, coincident with the sulfide assemblages. The values of Co/Ni reflect that magmatic fluids may have partly participated in the ore-forming process and Y/Ho values have proved that the ore-forming fluid was associated with metamorphism and exotic hydrotherm which has reformed former quartz veins during late mineralization. The concentrations of REE, Eu anomalies and Ce anomalies of this deposit display that ore-forming elements mainly were derived from host rocks and possibly from a mixed deep source, and the ore-forming fluid was mixed by dominant metamorphic fluid and minor other sources. The physical-chemical conditions of ore-forming fluid changed from the initial stage to the late stage. The metamorphic fluid is responsible for the mineralization. Therefore, the Zhewang gold deposit is classified as a quartz vein-type gold deposit which may have been reformed by magmatic fluids during the late stage.     

A surface network based method for studying urban hierarchies by night time light remote sensing data

Urban hierarchies are closely related to economic growth, urban planning and sustainable urban development. Due to the limited availability of reliable statistical data at fine scales, most existing studies on urban hierarchy characterization failed to capture the detailed urban spatial structure information. Previous studies have demonstrated that night time light data are correlated with many urban socio-economic indicators and hence can be used to characterize urban hierarchies. This paper presents a novel method for studying urban hierarchies from night time light data. Night time light data were first conceptualized as continuous mathematical surfaces, termed night time light surfaces. From the morphology of these surfaces the corresponding surface networks were derived. Hereafter, a night time light intensity (NTLI) graph was defined to describe the morphology of the surface network. Then, structural similarity between the night time light surfaces of any two different cities was calculated via a threshold-based maximum common induced graph searching algorithm. Finally, urban hierarchies were defined on the basis of the structural similarities between different cities. Using the 2015 annual NPP-VIIRS night time light data, the urban hierarchies of 32 major cities in China were successfully examined. The results are highly consistent with the reference urban hierarchies.     

30年来东南红壤丘陵区土壤侵蚀度时空演变研究——以长汀县为例

土壤侵蚀动态监测是侵蚀研究体系中的重要内容,当前国内大部分研究直接引用国外监测模型,不仅在因子选取以及模型通用性上存在不足,而且对区域土壤的潜在性侵蚀危险考虑不够。因此,研究提出土壤侵蚀度的概念,作为区域土壤实际侵蚀强度与潜在侵蚀危险的综合表征,并基于人地关系系统,通过多指标的量化与建模进行土壤侵蚀度测算,从而分析福建省长汀县土壤侵蚀时空演变规律。结果表明,长汀县土壤侵蚀分布存在集中连片的特点,汀中地区的侵蚀度最高,并向周边逐渐衰减。同时,侵蚀度在变化方向上虽然存在不确定性,但总体侵蚀状况近30a来得到了明显的改善,安全区的比重从1975年的3.87%增长至2006年的56.38%,相比而言,极度侵蚀危险区的比重仅从1975年的12.3%,减少至2006年的6.66%,改善幅度较其他等级土壤有所差距,这与区域在立地条件、经济发展水平以及政策导向上的差异密切相关。研究结果说明选取侵蚀影响因子具有一定的适宜性,也证明土壤侵蚀度可以有效表征土壤侵蚀时空演变趋势。     

内蒙古气象台站天气实况传输及监测系统常见故障维护

文章阐述内蒙古气象台站天气实况传输及监测系统常见故障及故障发生原因,并提出故障判断分析的基本原则和排除方法。为台站业务人员准确判断故障现象并排除故障提供指导。     

地面臭氧的变化规律和计算方法的初步研究Ⅱ.可见光波段

通过对广州鼎湖山近地面O3、NOx、太阳辐射,气象参数等项目的观测和理论分析,研究了地面O3与NOx等微量气体及太阳可见光辐射的变化规律,详细讨论了可见光波段、不同天气条件地面O3与NOx、光化学反应、气溶胶、可见光辐射等之间复杂的关系.提出以光能量传输与守恒的观点来考虑大气中与可见光辐射有关的主要过程,并以此来研究大气光化学过程中所遵循的能量规律,建立了一个简单、实用、省时的统计模式,用于计算地面O3浓度.结果表明:不同情况下,计算值与观测值吻合得均比较一致.     

Trends in temperature extremes over nine integrated agricultural regions in China, 1961–2011

By characterizing the patterns of temperature extremes over nine integrated agricultural regions (IARs) in China from 1961 to 2011, this study performed trend analyses on 16 extreme temperature indices using a high-resolution (0.5° × 0.5°) daily gridded dataset and the Mann-Kendall method. The results show that annually, at both daytime and nighttime, cold extremes significantly decreased but warm extremes significantly increased across all IARs. Overall, nighttimes tended to warm faster than daytimes. Diurnal temperature ranges (DTR) diminished, apart from the mid-northern Southwest China Region and the mid-Loess Plateau Region. Seasonally, DTR widely diminished across all IARs during the four seasons except for spring. Higher minimum daily minimum temperature (TNn) and maximum daily maximum temperature (TXx), in both summer and winter, were recorded for most IARs except for the Huang-Huai-Hai Region; in autumn, all IARs generally encountered higher TNn and TXx. In all seasons, warming was observed at daytime and nighttime but, again, nighttimes warmed faster than daytimes. The results also indicate a more rapid warming trend in Northern and Western China than in Southern and Eastern China, with accelerated warming at high elevations. The increases in TNn and TXx might cause a reduction in agriculture yield in spring over Northern China, while such negative impact might occur in Southern China during summer. In autumn and winter, however, the negative impact possibly occurred in most of the IARs. Moreover, increased TXx in the Pearl River Delta and Yangtze River Delta is possibly related to rapid local urbanization. Climatically, the general increase in temperature extremes across Chinese IARs may be induced by strengthened Northern Hemisphere Subtropical High or weakened Northern Hemisphere Polar Vortex.

     

山西地震带中与强震活动有关的两种滑坡

本文以滑波理论为依据，总结了山西地震带的两种不同特点的滑坡。即：振荡式滑坡及触发式滑坡。虽然两种滑坡都可分为变形、解体、滑动、毁灭等四个阶段，但其动力不同。振荡式滑波的滑动面倾角小，因而滑力来源于强震振动，而触发式滑坡的滑动面倾角大，因而滑力来自滑体本身静荷载。对两种滑坡的研究对预防及减轻强震带来的次生灾害有重要的意义。     

局部电离层异常对局域增强系统的影响及其监测方法

传统的局域增强系统认为影响用户和基准站伪距的观测误差是基本相同的,因而可通过伪距差分技术将这部分误差消除,但为发生电离层风暴时,叠加在基准站和用户伪距上的电离层延迟误差将会不同,因此会影响定位结果。本文利用CCDMA算法和DSCMA算法对电离层异常进行探测,并对伪距差分技术进行改进。仿真结果显示,这种方法可有效减小局部电离层异常对CATⅢ飞行阶段的威胁。     

大兴安岭南段道伦达坝铜钨锡矿床成矿作用:来自锆石和独居石U-Pb和绢云母40Ar-39Ar年龄的约束

道伦达坝中型铜钨锡矿床位于大兴安岭南段,矿体呈脉状赋存于二叠系板岩及华力西期黑云母花岗岩的断裂破碎带中。道伦达坝矿床发育铜矿体、锡矿体、钨矿体、铜钨矿体、铜锡矿体、钨锡矿体和铜钨锡矿体。矿床的成矿过程可以划分为石英-萤石-白云母-电气石-锡石-黑钨矿阶段(Ⅰ阶段)、石英-萤石-黑钨矿-黄铜矿-毒砂-磁黄铁矿阶段(Ⅱ阶段)、石英-萤石-绢云母-黄铜矿-磁黄铁矿-黄铁矿-银矿物阶段(Ⅲ阶段)和方解石-石英-萤石-黄铁矿阶段(Ⅳ阶段)。道伦达坝矿床外围的张家营子岩体中的细粒花岗岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为136.1±0.4Ma。Ⅱ阶段Cu-W共生矿体中2件独居石的LAICP-MS U-Pb年龄分别为136.0±2.3Ma和135.1±2.2Ma。Ⅲ阶段Cu矿体中1件独居石的LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄为134.7±2.8Ma。Ⅲ阶段铜矿体中1件绢云母的⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar坪年龄为138.8±0.47Ma,等时线年龄为140.0±1.1Ma。系统的定年结果表明,道伦达坝矿床的铜钨矿体和铜矿体均形成于早白垩世,它们属于同一个成矿系统;成矿与早白垩世高分异花岗岩有密切的成因联系。