Vertical distribution and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in anoxic sediment cores of Chini Lake, Malaysia: Perylene as indicator of land plant-derived hydrocarbons

Four anoxic sediment cores were collected from Chini Lake, Malaysia in order to investigate the variability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and perylene concentrations. The study also determined significant differences of perylene concentrations in different sediment layers. Total PAH concentrations ranged from 248 to 8098 ng g⁻¹ in the samples. Diagnostic PAH ratios such as methylphenanthrenes/phenanthrene (MP/P), phenanthrene/anthracene (P/A) and fluoranthene/(fluoranthene + pyrene) (Fl/(Fl + Py) revealed a dominance of pyrogenic influences and partial petrogenic inputs to the top sediment layers. Perylene concentrations were high in the top layers (<12 cm) and increased with increasing depth. There is a significant positive correlation (r = 0.705, p = 0.01) between perylene concentrations and TOC. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and LSD revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in TOC-normalized perylene concentrations between the upper (<12 cm) and bottom layers (>12 cm). The average perylene concentrations accounted for 26–50% (0–12 cm) and 50–77% (12–36 cm) of pentacyclic-aromatic hydrocarbon isomers (PAI) present whereas it made up 10–34% (0–12 cm) and 46–66% (12–36 cm) of the total PAH. The average pyrene concentrations decreased with increasing depth and accounted for 62% (0–3 cm), 20–23% (3–12 cm) and 3–1.4% (12–36 cm) of perylene present. The results of hierarchical cluster analysis based on these ratios suggested different input sources for the top and bottom layers. It is concluded that the activity of termites on woody plants produced perylene which is supplied to the lake by run-off from the heavy and frequent rains in this Asian tropical climate. In addition, there was also in situ formation of perylene in the bottom layers due to diagenetic processes.     

矿物磁性特征在金矿床形成及成矿预测中的作用

金矿床形成和成矿预测一直为国内外学者所关注。随绿岩带金矿、暗色岩易富金及赤铁矿总含有大粒金等不断地被发现,指示矿物磁性对金矿床形成有一定的控制作用。1)金粒级的大小与磁体间作用力的强弱呈正比,磁力的大小与两磁体间距离的平方呈反比,这正、反比规律进一步解析绿岩带富金机理和强、弱磁性岩石富金条件的差别。2)电流在金、黄铁矿和磁黄铁矿等附近每一点都能产生磁化场(H场)和磁通密度(B场),H场和B场的大小与不同成矿介质具有一定的正比例关系,按此比例可追踪含矿流体形成过程和富金条件。3)根据矿物磁性特征,建立了矿物磁力晕、矿物磁性矢量等找矿标志。4)除温度和压力等因素外,矿物磁性特征应视为金矿床形成和预测主要条件之一。     

论地震预测(报)现状及基础研究问题

我国的地震预报研究取得了重要进展,在防震减灾事业中目前仍然起着决定性的作用,然而预测（报）的能力仍然较低,对大量的地震仍作不出成功的预测（报）。要显著提高地震预测能力,需要加强基础研究。这种研究应从地震预测（报）能力的现状出发,重点应放在地震前兆异常的成因类别与属性、机理与可靠性等“原始”问题的研究上,而不是回避这些基础问题而去研究那些靠不住的“上层建筑”问题。     

Seismic performance evaluation of a 34‐story steel building retrofitted with response modification elements

The original structural design of this case study consisted of five basement floors and a 34‐story hotel tower in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. The construction started in 1993, and the erection of the entire steel frame and the pouring of concrete slabs up to the 26th floor were completed before 1996. However, construction of the original hotel was subsequently suspended for 10 years. Recently, this building has been retrofitted for residential purposes. Buckling restrained braces (BRBs) and eccentrically braced frames were incorporated into the seismic design of the new residential tower. This paper presents the seismic resisting structural system, seismic design criteria, full‐scale test results of one BRB member and the as‐built welded moment connections. Test results confirm that the two side web‐plate stiffening details can effectively improve the rotational capacity of welded moment connection. The paper also discusses the analytical models for simulating the experimental responses of the BRB members and the welded moment connections. Nonlinear response history analyses (NLRHA) indicate that the inelastic deformational demands of the original and the redesigned structures induced by the maximum considered earthquakes are less than those found in the seismic building codes or laboratory tests. This paper also proposes a ground motion scaling method considering multi‐mode effects for NLRHA of the example building. It is shown that the proposed scaling method worked well in reducing the scatter in estimated peak seismic demands. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

板内强震的中地壳硬夹层孕震与流体促震假设

以国内外地壳流体及其与强震活动关系的最新研究结果为基础,进行了多方面的探索与论证,提出板内强震的中地壳硬夹层孕震与流体促震（BEH-PEF）的假设．该假设的要点是地壳中存在上下两大流体活动系统,其间发育有中地壳硬夹层,该层是地壳应力积累并孕育地震的层．当其中某些部位积累的应力达到屈服强度时,则进入微破裂-膨胀（扩容）阶段并形成震源体．被扩容的震源体在真空吸泵作用下,由下层流体系统把流体吸渗到其内,在震源体内引起剪切力增强与抗剪力减弱的两个过程同步发展,并最终因剪切力达到抗剪力导致震源体的破裂而发生地震．      

地下水地表水联合模拟的解析单元法理论及应用

本文介绍了解析单元法的基本理论及适用条件 ,并运用该方法 (GFL OW1软件 )计算了某水库蓄水过程中库首结晶岩区风化裂隙水渗流场变化 ,取得良好效果.     

Relationship between oceanic heat content and sea surface height on interannual time scale

The relationship between heat content and sea surface height (SSH) in the global ocean on the interannual time scale is examined with satellite altimeter measurements, historical hydrography, and model assimilation outputs. Results show that correlation between altimetric SSH and heat content in the upper 700 m calculated from Ishii data is geographically nonuniform. In the tropical ocean, heat content and SSH are strongly correlated and exhibit nearly the same interannual variations. In the polar ocean, their correlation is relatively weak. Further analysis with Simple Ocean Data Assimilation outputs shows that such nonuniform distribution is not from dynamical origin but from the limited integral depth selected to calculate heat content. The integral depth of 700m is inadequate to capture variation of the deep main thermocline in the polar region. The halosteric effect also contributes to the nonuniform pattern of correlation, because saline contraction becomes significant in the polar ocean owing to low temperature.     

Steel buckling‐restrained braced frames with single and dual corner gusset connections: seismic tests and analyses

The design of a three‐story buckling‐restrained braced frame (BRBF) with a single‐diagonal sandwiched BRB and corner gusset was evaluated in cyclic tests of a one‐story, one‐bay BRBF subassembly and dynamic analyses of the frame subjected to earthquakes. The test focused on evaluating (1) the seismic performance of a sandwiched BRB installed in a frame, (2) the effects of free‐edge stiffeners and dual gusset configurations on the corner gusset behavior, (3) the frame and brace action forces in the corner gusset, and (4) the failure mode of the BRBF under the maximum considerable earthquake level. The subassembly frame performed well up to a drift of 2.5% with a maximum axial strain of 1.7% in the BRB. Without free‐edge stiffeners, the single corner gusset plate buckled at a significantly lower strength than that predicted by the specificationof American Institute of Steel Construction (2005). The buckling could be eliminated by using dual corner gusset plates similar in size to the single gusset plate. At low drifts, the frame action force on the corner gusset was of the same magnitude as the brace force. At high drifts, however, the frame action force significantly increased and caused weld fractures at column‐to‐gusset edges. Nonlinear time history analyses were performed on the three‐story BRBF to obtain seismic demands under both design and maximum considerable levels of earthquake loading. The analytical results confirmed that the BRB and corner gusset plate achieved peak drift under cyclic loading test. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Recovery Factors of Oil Resources in China

This paper provides a new method to estimate recovery factors of oil resources. The China National Petroleum Assessment (2003–2007) (CNPA 2007) evaluates in-place oil resources and applies the recovery factor (RF) to estimate recoverable oil resources. The RF of oil resources plays an important role in the CNPA 2007. Based on the geological features, 24 types of oil assessment units are defined, such as the Mesozoic rift unit, the Mesozoic and Cenozoic foreland unit, etc. Through the recovery factor statistics of oil reserves (discovered) in different accumulations, as well as the potential analyses of enhanced petroleum recovery, appropriate RF valuing standards of oil resources (discovered and undiscovered) in different assessment units are developed. Calculation methods of oil resource RFs are established, including the appraisal standards, scoring, and calculation steps of oil resource RFs. Through the case studies, the valuing and appraisal standards of oil resource RFs are verified. Robust appraisal standards allow the RF method to be a valuable tool to effective assessment of China’s recoverable oil resources.