1998年中国洪灾成因初探

对１９９８年发生在我国长江流域及东北地区的特大暴雨及洪涝灾害的预测进行了总结 ,并对其形成原因进行了初步的分析与探讨,强调了越赤道气流异常及地磁场异常是形成这次特大洪涝灾害的诸多重要自然原因中的两个重要原因。     

Parameter estimation for a karst aquifer with unknown thickness using the genetic algorithm method

The combination of ecological fragility and agricultural activity in the loess hilly–gully regions of western China has received broad environmental concerns. In this region, rainfall and soil moisture can fatally influence crop production under dry land farming. In this study, field experiments were conducted, from March 2001 to September 2005, to demonstrate the variation of soil moisture and fertilizer contents at different depths in slope and terraced lands, and to evaluate the ecological impacts and economic benefits in the terraced land of Loess Plateau. The results of both field test and Grey model (GM) calculation show that the terraced land, as compared to the sloping land, in the agricultural area of the Loess Plateau tends to store and retain much water, promoting more favorable interactions between water and fertilizer. During the months from March to June of the year with less rainfall, the water supply for crop growth is mainly derived from the deep storage of soil moisture accumulated from July to September of the previous year. The field experiments indicate that the crop yield of the 3-year-old terraced lands was 27% higher than that of the sloping lands with slopes greater than 10°, and that the crop yield can increase by 27.07 to 52.78% in the following cultivation years. In particular, potato was found to be more drought-resistant than winter wheat, thus it is more suitable for the arid and semi-arid Loess Plateau regions.     

则木河与小江断裂交汇区地震危险性的概率预测

本文针对则木河与小江断裂交汇区的强震趋势问题，给出了地震危险性的分析方法，结果及问题讨论。     

永登系列爆破甘宁青地区地震台网的观测解释与地壳结构

1982—1983年在甘肃永登地区进行了系列人工大爆破,本文分析研究了甘宁青地震台网的观测记录,求得各种波的平均速度为:V_(?)=6.00公里/秒,V_(?)=3.56公里/秒,V_(pn)=8.16公里/秒,V_(?)=4.54公里/秒。表层直达纵波速度V_o=4.82公里/秒。莫霍界面上的反射波P_M在140—180公里范围比P_g波强10—7倍。並获得该地区的地壳厚度为:(1)甘肃北山的河西堡—高台一带为48.3公里。古浪—张掖—嘉峪关的河西走廊一带为50.2公里。祁连山南麓为53.6公里。(2)青海中南部为54.4公里。(3)甘肃东部的礼县—武都地压为48.7公里。定西—岷县—通谓地区为50.5公里。(4)宁夏六盘山区为51.6公里。六盘山西侧的甘肃静宁为48.6公里,东侧的平凉为47.5公里,东南端的陕西宝鸡为46.1公里。以上的地壳厚度分布显示了青藏高原地壳在东北边缘的递减,以及甘肃东部地区地壳的某些起伏。     

基于加速度传感器数据融合的隧道施工地面沉降监测技术研究

地面沉降的监测和控制一直是制约隧道施工安全的关键问题,目前地表沉降量一般利用水准仪等传统设备、通过人工定期测量获取,无法进行实时动态观测。随着无线传感器网络和微机电系统的高速发展,通过在地表布置无线传感器节点,即可对隧道施工引起的地面沉降进行实时监测。本文对处于盾构施工期的某隧道开展了基于加速度传感器数据融合的地面沉降监测技术研究。首先,在隧道上方和两侧布置了内嵌两套加速度传感器的节点盒,获取原始监测数据;然后,利用旋转矩阵求解其空间法向量,并通过投影得到地表节点在隧道轴向上的倾斜角;最终,通过集中式卡尔曼滤波对上述两类传感器的倾斜角进行融合估计,推导出传感器倾斜角随时间的变化情况。基于该方法,通过布置传感器节点监测网,即可估算隧道施工引起的地表绝对沉降量。     

1：5万地形图框架数据质量影响因素分析

数据质量成因分析是地图数据质量控制的一项基础性的工作，只有找出产生误差的原因才能提出控制质量方法。本文介绍了1：5万框架图数据生产的基本情况，详细分析了产生框架图数据误差的诸多原因，认为地图数据质量与生产模式、生产条件、技术准备、作业环境、生产资料、技术培训、软件系统、作业人员等多种因素有关。     

中天山坡地冰缘地貌的若干问题

由 1985—1989年野外调查结果和定位重复观测资料可知,本区坡地冰缘地貌的分布特征为:1.各类坡地冰缘形态彼此具有成因联系;2.不同序次的冰缘地貌类型具有各自的时空分异;3.不同的坡地冰缘地貌类型在一定条件下可有所转化。再则,本区风化以寒冻剥裂和寒冻楔入为主,呈现在时空和状态上为不可逆过程的耗散结构。     

天然勃姆石热相变体γ－Al_2O_3阴离子交换－吸附模式的研究

天然勃姆石热相变体γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３第一次与含某些阴离子的化合物溶液接触时,可对这些阴离子及其配对的阳离子产生吸附作用,一旦γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３已经吸附了某些化合物,再与另外一种化合物的溶液接触时,那么,γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３吸附的阴离子及其配对的阳离于均具有可置换性。因此,γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３既具有阴离于交换－吸附性能,又具有阳离子交换－吸附性能。这种特性具有潜在应用前景。     

城市紧凑性测度指标研究及典型城市分析——以南京、苏州建设用地紧凑度为例

量化表征城市紧凑性是当前地理学界和规划领域共同关注的热点问题,明确紧凑性指标反映的实际意义与适用范围,成为构建测度体系的关键.当前已有众多研究提出数量相当可观的量化指标,本文结合国内外城市紧凑性定量研究进展,根据表征紧凑内涵的不同将其归纳为形状、规模、密度、结构、功能和过程6 类,分析了不同类型指标的适用范围,并以结构类指标为例,采用南京和苏州的实际建设用地数据,根据指标自身稳定特性识别的实用性和局限性,达到评判和筛选指标的目的.结果显示：指标能有效指示建设用地的实际空间结构特征;4 个指标受尺度变化的影响不强烈,具有良好的应用性能,其中Gini 系数和Moran’s I 在应用中,前提条件局限小,适用广泛;而连续度和向心度较直观,但在进行城市比较研究时限制条件较多.该研究结果能够为城市紧凑性量化研究提供一定的借鉴,并指导城市规划与管理政策制定.     

Holocene and Eemian climatic optima in the Korean Peninsula based on textural and carbon isotopic records from the stalagmite of the Daeya Cave,South Korea

Textural and stable isotopic records from the absolute-dated stalagmite of the Daeya Cave (DY-1) provide new insights into the climatic evolution of the Korean Peninsula during the Holocene and Eemian climatic optima. The stalagmite yielded ages of 8572 ± 227 to 5907 ± 158 and 1,23,456 ± 535 to 1,19,837 ± 1089 years, which coincide with the Holocene and Eemian climatic optima, respectively. The stalagmite’s δ¹³C record closely resembles previously reported Chinese speleothem δ¹⁸O data. Thus it can be suggested that textural and geochemical results of the DY-1 reflect East Asian monsoon intensity, which is forced by summer insolation patterns in the northern hemisphere. Lighter carbon isotopic compositions, well-developed fibrous calcite crystals, and their relatively faster growth rate in the stalagmite sample are interpreted to reflect the warmest and wettest climate conditions of the Holocene and Eemian interglacials. Both climatic optima took place when insolation was decreasing from its maximum level, temperature in Greenland was highest, and sea level approached its maximum level. These climatic optima also coincide with decreasing Antarctic temperatures. Compared the DY-1 data to other proxies, it is suggested that the Holocene and Eemian climatic optima developed through a balance among boreal insolation, monsoon intensity, and sea level (also continental ice volume), which are the main climatic forcing factors in the northern hemisphere. These trends also follow the bi-polar seesaw mechanism as previously described.