Metamorphic,deformation, fluids and geological significance of low-temperature retrograde mylonites of Diancangshan metamorphic massif along Ailaoshan-Red River strike-slip fault zone,Yunnan, China

Diancangshan metamorphic massif is one of the four metamorphic massifs developed along the Ailaoshan-Red River strike-slip fault zone, Yunnan, China. It has experienced multi-stage metamorphism and deformation, especially since the late Oligocene it widely suffered high-temperature ductile shear deformation and exhumation of the metamorphic rocks from the deep crust to the shallow surface. Based on the previous research and geological field work, this paper presents a detailed study on deformation and metamorphism, and exhumation of deep metamorphic rocks within the Diancangshan metamorphic massif, especially focusing on the low-temperature overprinted retrogression metamorphism and deformation of mylonitic rocks. With the combinated experimental techniques of optical microscope, electron backscatter diffraction attachmented on field-emission scanning electron microscopy and cathodoluminescence, our contribution reports the microstructure, lattice preferred orientations of the deformed minerals, and the changes of mineral composition phases of the superposition low-temperature retrograde mylonites. All these results indicate that: (1) Diancangshan deep metamorphic rock has experienced early high-temperature left-lateral shear deformation and late extension with rapid exhumation, the low-temperature retrogression metamorphism and deformation overprinted the high-temperature metamorphism, and the high-temperature microstructure and texture are in part or entirely altered by subsequent low-temperature shearing; (2) the superposition of low-temperature deformation-metamorphism occurs at the ductile-brittle transition; and (3) the fluid is quite active during the syn-tectonic shearing overprinted low-temperature deformation and metamorphism. The dynamic recrystallization and/or fractures to micro-fractures result in the strongly fine-grained of the main minerals, and present strain localization in micro-domians, such as micro-shear zones in the mylonites. It is often accompanied by the decrease of rock strength and finally influences the rheology of the whole rock during further deformation and exhumation of the Diancangshan massif.     

3D P‐wave traveltime computation in transversely isotropic media using layer‐by‐layer wavefront marching

Subsurface rocks (e.g. shale) may induce seismic anisotropy, such as transverse isotropy. Traveltime computation is an essential component of depth imaging and tomography in transversely isotropic media. It is natural to compute the traveltime using the wavefront marching method. However, tracking the 3D wavefront is expensive, especially in anisotropic media. Besides, the wavefront marching method usually computes the traveltime using the eikonal equation. However, the anisotropic eikonal equation is highly non‐linear and it is challenging to solve. To address these issues, we present a layer‐by‐layer wavefront marching method to compute the P‐wave traveltime in 3D transversely isotropic media. To simplify the wavefront tracking, it uses the traveltime of the previous depth as the boundary condition to compute that of the next depth based on the wavefront marching. A strategy of traveltime computation is designed to guarantee the causality of wave propagation. To avoid solving the non‐linear eikonal equation, it updates traveltime along the expanding wavefront by Fermat's principle. To compute the traveltime using Fermat's principle, an approximate group velocity with high accuracy in transversely isotropic media is adopted to describe the ray propagation. Numerical examples on 3D vertical transverse isotropy and tilted transverse isotropy models show that the proposed method computes the traveltime with high accuracy. It can find applications in modelling and depth migration.     

地基GNSS遥感探测气象应用

全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）给定位、导航和授时服务带来了革命性变化,同时其L波段（1160～1610MHz）微波信号可用于全球覆盖、高时间分辨率的大气、海洋和陆表参数遥感探测。基于信号类型,GNSS遥感可分为折射信号遥感和反射信号遥感两大类;基于探测平台,GNSS遥感可分为地基GNSS遥感、空基GNSS遥感和天基GNSS遥感三大类。随着我国自主建设的北斗卫星导航系统全面建成,GNSS遥感将迎来新的发展机遇和挑战。本文回顾近20年地基GNSS遥感探测在气象领域的应用进展,展望其在气象领域下一步可能的应用。     

湖库温跃层溶解氧最小值的形成原因、衍生的生态风险及控制研究进展

溶解氧（DO）对湖库的生物地球化学循环、生态系统结构和功能起着至关重要的作用,也是评价水生态系统的敏感性指标.DO浓度的降低对水生态有着重要影响.结果显示,多数湖库在夏秋季热分层期间,由于温跃层较高的密度梯度、藻类衰亡和有机质的降解以及微生物的呼吸作用会消耗大量的DO,从而形成温跃层溶解氧最小值（MOM）,甚至在该区域诱发厌氧状态.MOM可驱动浮游动物日夜垂向迁移,影响无脊椎动物和鱼类分布迁移模式及种群结构,破坏水体生态分布,致使生物非正常死亡,危害水体生态安全;此外,MOM也可诱发温跃层温室气体（CH₄和CO₂）大量形成,影响水源地水质,成为湖库生态安全隐患.目前对MOM所导致的生态风险和水质问题以及最终的控制方法已有较多研究成果,但缺乏综述性的研究.本文从MOM研究历史、研究方法、形成原因、生态风险及控制方法等方面进行论述,并展望今后研究热点,旨在推进MOM的相关研究进展,保障湖库生态平衡和供水水质安全.     

Geochemical characteristics and Sr‐Nd‐Hf isotope compositions of Late Triassic post‐collisional A‐type granites in Sarudik,SW Sumatra,Indonesia

Late Triassic A‐type granites are identified in this study in Sarudik, SW Sumatra. We present new data on zircon U–Pb geochronology, whole‐rock major and trace elements and Sr‐Nd‐Hf isotope geochemistry, aiming to study their petrogenesis and tectonic implications. LA‐ICP‐MS U–Pb dating of zircon separated from one biotite monzogranite sample yields a concordia age of 222.6 ±1.0 Ma, indicating a Late Triassic magmatic event. The studied granites are classified as weakly peralumious, high‐K calc‐alkaline granites. They exhibit high SiO₂, K₂O + Na₂O, FeO/(FeO + MgO) and Ga/Al ratios and low Al₂O₃, CaO, MgO, P₂O₅ and TiO₂ contents, with enrichment of Rb, Th and U and depletion of Ba, Sr, P and Eu, showing the features of A‐type granites. The granites have zircon ε_Hf(t) values from ?4.6 to ?0.4 and whole‐rock ε_Nd(t) values from ?5.51 to ?4.98, with Mesoproterozoic T_DM2 ages (1278–1544 Ma) for both Hf and Nd isotopes. Geochemical and isotopic data suggest that the source of these A‐type granites is the Mesoproterozoic continental crust, without significant incorporation of mantle‐derived component, and their formation is controlled by subsequent fractional crystallization. The Sarudik A‐type granites are further assigned to A2‐type formed in post‐collisional environment. Combined with previous knowledge on the western SE Asia tectonic evolution, we conclude that the formation of the Late Triassic A‐type granites is related to the post‐collisional extension induced by the crustal thickening, gravitational collapse, and asthenosphere upwelling following the collision between the Sibumasu and the East Malaya Block.     

Paleogene mammalian fauna exchanges and the paleogeographic pattern in Asia

Mammals are the most important elements in Cenozoic terrestrial ecosystem. The composition and the character of a mammalian fauna are controlled by evolution time and evolutionary rate. Here we took 50 Asian Paleogene mammalian faunas as representatives and applied Bayesian Tip-dating method to infer the relationships and divergence times among these faunas.Based on the results of Bayesian Tip-dating analyses, we discussed the correlation between the paleogeographic changes and the mammalian fauna turn-overs. Compared with the traditional fauna correlation and sorting, Bayesian Tip-dating analyses revealed more detailed similarities reflected via the divergence times among the 50 faunas. We discovered that the early Eocene mammalian fauna, which firstly appeared in India subcontinent, is similar to the faunas of the same age in other parts of Asia. It is likely that a passage for the mammalian dispersal was formed before early Eocene. Bayesian inferring suggests that the first appearance of the dispersal passage is during 64.8–61.3 Ma. This time window is close to the time estimation for the initial time of India-Asia collision. During 57.1–47.2 Ma, India subcontinent probably had a habitat different from the main part of Asia, as it was reflected from the composition of the mammalian faunas. It is probably correlated with the uplifted Gangdese Mountain and shallow seas and lowlands on both sides of the collision region. The very remote divergence time(64.8 Ma) estimated by Bayesian inferring reflects the mammalian fauna turnover during the Eocene-Oligocene transition, obviously affected by the global cooling. Till the end of Oligocene, the Arabic Peninsula and Asian mainland remained separated and the mammalian faunas did not show clear connection.     

中国苦草属(Vallisneria)植物萌发与生长的影响因素

由于人类生产生活对众多淡水水体的扰动、污染,我国苦草属(Vallisneria)植物的种群规模出现了严重的退化.明确苦草属植物萌发和生长的影响因素,阐明苦草属植物退化的原因,是保护和恢复该属植物亟需解决的科学问题.通过对已发表的文献进行收集和分析,总结了影响苦草属植物萌发和生长的主要因素,并通过挖掘文献中的数据,对重要环境因子与苦草属植物萌发和生长参数的关系进行了分析.结果表明:(1)涉及苦草(V.natans(Lour.) Hara)的研究较多,而涉及刺苦草(V.spinulosa Yan)和密刺苦草(V.denseserrulata Makino)的研究较少;(2)苦草属植物种子的萌发受到温度、光照强度、水深、掩埋深度、基质情况和储存方式等因素的影响;(3)苦草属植物生长受到光照强度、水深、水体营养水平、底泥营养水平、底泥有机质和动物牧食等因素的影响;(4)其他条件适宜时,苦草和刺苦草种子在20～30℃都保持较高的萌发率(均值 50%);(5)苦草种子萌发率随着掩埋深度的增加而快速下降;(6)苦草的相对生长率随光照强度的增加而升高,随水深增加而下降;(7)苦草的相对生长率随着氨氮浓度增加而下降;(8)水体和底泥中高含量的总氮和总磷对苦草属植物生长的抑制作用主要是通过促进浮游植物和附着藻生长导致的遮光,而不是直接毒害作用.未来需要进一步加强苦草属植物萌发、生长参数与环境因子关系的定量研究,更好地服务于该属植物的保护和恢复.     

江湖阻隔背景下东部平原湖泊鱼类功能特征及多样性变化

东部平原湖泊区是我国淡水湖泊最集中的地区,分布着我国的五大淡水湖等诸多湖泊.然而,江湖阻隔对该区域湖泊的生物多样性造成严重威胁.本文选取东部平原的9个湖泊,对江湖阻隔前后鱼类功能性状（3组分类性状和6个连续性状）和功能多样性指数的变化规律开展了研究.结果表明,9个湖泊的鱼类总物种数由江湖阻隔前的140种减少为江湖阻隔后的100种,平均物种数由79.6种减少到52.1种（减少34.4%）.江湖阻隔后鱼类群落的功能性状和功能多样性指数发生了显著变化,洄游性鱼类（包括河海洄游和江湖洄游）物种占比（由39.7%降至32.6%）和鱼食性物种占比（由31.1%降至25.2%）显著下降,而非洄游性物种占比（由60.3%升至67.5%）和浮游生物食性物种占比（由13.5%升至15.5%）显著上升.连续型性状中,平均营养级（由3.14降至3.10）显著下降、平均生长速率（由0.57 a^-1升至0.65 a^-1）显著上升.阻隔后的物种数（SR）、功能丰富度指数、功能离散度指数和功能分散指数显著低于阻隔前.本研究表明江湖阻隔后鱼类群落不仅物种丰富度下降,且功能性状趋向同质化（或单一化）发展,致使功能多样性下降.研究结果可为东部平原湖泊的渔业资源管理及湖区生态修复和保护提供重要的理论依据.     

代县地电阻率降雨影响及数值模拟

多年观测数据表明,代县地电阻率年变受降雨影响比较显著,通过褶积滤波法获取降雨量对视电阻率的影响值,定量分析降雨与视电阻率的相关性。在此基础上,利用代县地电阻率电测深数据及相关地质资料,建立三维有限元模型,模拟降雨对地电阻率的影响,进一步确定降雨对视电阻率影响的物理机制。结果表明:降雨是造成代县地电阻率年变的主要因素,且与视电阻率呈正相关性;降雨造成表层介质含水饱和度发生变化,使得相应电阻率下降近10倍,从而引起地电阻率年变幅度发生近1/10的改变。