卫星测高反演海洋重力异常的精度分析

针对卫星测高技术中由于大地水准面取值受各项误差影响导致精度较低的问题,该文联合多源多代卫星测高数据,基于逆Vening-Meinesz公式确定海洋重力异常,进一步对海洋重力异常进行内部和外部检核。结果表明,卫星测高反演的海洋重力异常与EGM2008比较的精度为±7.116mgal;与船测重力异常比较的精度为7.417mgal,这与国际上对测高重力异常与船测重力异常比较精度一致。     

GRACE卫星的冰川消融与水储量变化探讨

针对青藏高原地区的冰川消融会影响发源于该地区的长江流域水储量变化这一情况,该文对二者的相关性进行深入研究。基于GRACE卫星2004—2010年重力数据,联合水文模型,利用水量平衡法,计算得到青藏高原地区冰川消融的平均速率为0.369cm/a,表明青藏高原冰川正在以较大速率消融;进而反演建立青藏高原和长江流域两个区域质量变迁的时间序列,计算得到两个区域的平均变化速率分别为-0.095cm/a和0.381cm/a,表明青藏高原地区的质量在以缓慢的速率减少,而长江流域水储量具有逐年增加的趋势且变化速率更大;最后通过分析计算结果,得出青藏高原地区冰川消融对长江流域水储量变化的贡献占其整个水量变化的20%。     

基于水土耦合机制的流域滑坡预报研究

降水诱发型滑坡灾害涉及水文与土壤失稳过程,是个非常复杂的预报难题。本研究应用CRESLIDE(Coupled Routing and Excess Storage and Slope-Infiltration-Distributed Equilibrium)模型,研究基于水土耦合机制的流域滑坡预报。模型输入格点降水由基于流域逐小时加密雨量站的反距离权重法插值获取;基于GIS、DEM和遥感技术,提取滑坡流域下垫面信息;采用分布式水文模型CREST模拟预报出滑坡研究区域的流域水文过程,作为中间变量驱动滑坡模型SLIDE,实现降水诱发型滑坡的预报。选择陕南月河流域2012年7月3—5日降水诱发型滑坡过程进行模拟预报,验证模型的适用性。结果表明,基于CRESLIDE模型的流域水土耦合滑坡预报模型在滑坡时空预报上表现稳定;通过ROC曲线分析CRESLIDE模型取得的特异性(87.8%)和敏感性(52.9%)均较好;本研究基于流域水土耦合机制研究滑坡机理预报,耦合了流域水文过程与土力学过程,使得流域水文模拟更为合理,在滑坡的预报与早期预警中表现良好,对同类滑坡预报有一定的借鉴意义。     

Weathering characteristics of the Lower Paleozoic black shale in northwestern Guizhou Province,south China

The northwestern Guizhou in the Yangtze Craton of south China has a tremendous potential of shale gas resource. In this paper, we present results from major and trace elements, total organic carbon, mineralogical composition analysis and petrophysical parameters to characterise shale weathering features. Further, the differences of black shale between underground and outcrops have also been presented to examine the changes of black shale after weathering. Our results show that the trace elements of shale have varying degrees of loss in the weathering leaching process, both in Niutitang shale and Longmaxi shale, the loss of B, V, Ni, Cu, Zn and Ba is obvious, but the element migration quantity in the former is greater than in the latter. Decomposition of minerals such as pyrite, feldspar and calcite result in the leaching of Na, Ca, Mg and Fe. The loss rate of total organic carbon (TOC) in black shales ranges from 18% to 70% with an average of 43%; moreover, the loss of organic carbon in samples with high TOC content is larger than in those samples with low TOC content. Results following the testing of porosity and permeability show that porosity increases significantly after weathering but permeability changes little. Furthermore, the increment of porosity is greater in the Niutitang shale (with more sulphide minerals) than in the Longmaxi shale, suggesting that the oxidation of sulphide minerals may have led to the formation of an acidic environment, causing the other minerals in the black shale to weather more quickly, thus resulting in increased porosity. The content of clay minerals in the core samples is slightly lesser than the outcrop samples, but the TOC content in the core samples is greater and has a larger specific surface area. This suggest that the TOC content played a decisive role on the specific surface area of shale. In addition, changes in the black shale caused by the weathering process mainly depend on the mineral composition and the TOC content in shale. In this study, we try to establish relations between outcrop samples and core samples, in order to better understand the underground characteristics of shale reservoir.     

底物中钙赋存形态对太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)幼虫附着的诱导效应

为探讨底物中钙赋存形态对牡蛎幼虫附着的诱导效应,本研究设计3因子随机区组实验,检验实验底物钙含量、钙赋存形态及海水中牡蛎幼虫丰度对实验底物上太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)稚贝附着效果(密度和壳高)的影响。结果表明,在3个因子中,实验底物钙含量对附着稚贝密度和壳高的影响不显著(P0.05),而其它2个因子(钙赋存形态和海水中牡蛎幼虫丰度)均显著影响着实验底物上附着牡蛎稚贝的密度和壳高(P0.05)。在相同的牡蛎浮游幼虫丰度下,3种钙形态底物对牡蛎幼虫附着的诱导能力大小顺序为:有机钙碳酸钙=硫酸钙(P0.05);壳高的结果却恰恰相反。在同样的钙形态底物中,高牡蛎幼虫丰度下牡蛎稚贝附着量均显著高于低幼虫丰度的处理组(P0.05)。     

1984～2012年海州湾海岸线时空演变研究

以Landsat影像为数据源, 通过改进归一化水体指数、二值化、潮位校正模型提取海岸线, 使用数字海岸线分析系统(Digital Shoreline Analysis System, DSAS), 对1984～2012年海州湾海岸线的时空演变进行了研究。结果表明, 1984～2012年间海州湾海岸线整体以4.29 m/a向海洋推进, 其中, 48%的海岸出现侵蚀, 侵蚀速率为22.83 m/a, 侵蚀现象主要出现在大堤修建前的部分粉砂淤泥质海岸。52%的海岸出现淤积, 淤积速率为25.90 m/a, 淤积现象主要出现在人工海岸、河口海岸和受大堤影响的粉砂淤泥质海岸。海岸线时空演变研究有利于科学地规划、开发和管理海洋及其沿岸空间资源, 并保证其环境及经济的可持续发展。     

东营三角洲高频旋回划分与浊积砂体预测

笔者运用高分辨率层序地层学理论和分析方法,利用钻井、测井及三维地震资料对三角洲内部基准面旋回的各种界面识别,进行基准面旋回的划分和对比研究,最后分析三角洲各期基准面旋回和浊积砂体的分布规律,从而对东营三角洲的岩性油气藏进一步勘探提供一些科学依据.     

贞丰白层地区地球化学特征及找矿潜力分析

通过对区内地球化学资料的二次开发与研究，总结了贞丰白层地区地球化学特征和找矿标志，结合区域成矿地质条件及异常查证，评价了找矿潜力和找矿前景。     

北京城市副中心沉降区数字地形图高程改正研究

1∶2000地形图地面点高程精度是15cm,北京东部地区地面沉降每年约5cm,每年造成已有的地形图三分之一不合格。本文比较了地形图高程测量的方法:水准测量、GPS测量、航空摄影测量、LiDAR、InSAR等,提出了建立沉降区高程改正模型的观点。即利用外业施测的高程改正控制点的沉降量(改正值)和平面坐标,通过插值算法进行高程拟合,得到高程改正模型,作为内业建立高程改正数学模型的依据。     

ON THE AGE OF THE TAIYUAN SERIES OF NORTH CHINA.

Regarding the age of the marine beds in the lower part of the coalbearing series of North China, palaeontologists differ widely in opinion. It has been assigned to various horizons ranging from Viseen up to Upper Carboniferous by former investigators, such as Girty, Loczy, Frech,