万有引力常数的变化与中国地震的时空分布(英文)

地震是破坏性很大的自然灾害,世界上没有一个地方比中国和东亚沿海地区经历过更多的地震。同样的,干旱、洪水以及其它气候灾害也是世界上屡见不鲜的事件。本文提出了将这两种地球物理现象联系起来的理论。 早在80年代初期,便已提出气候变化的决定性的分析模式。该模式与古气候时间序列相符合,并可用于预报,它成功地经受过几年的检验。早先对该模式在地质时标上的核实,在这里我们将之延伸到近代历史。并且根据万有引力常数(G)随时间变化的可能性提出了关于气候变化原因的解释。G的变化意味着构造活动性(如地震)与气候特性(如由模式所表示的全球温度变化)的同步变化。因此,该模式也为地震预报提供了希望。 作者提出了解释在某一时间段内不同地区地震活动性的交替的理论。该理论通过对中国廿世纪发生的里克特震级大于或等于6的许多地震的检验。在小比例尺地形制图精度以及在震中定位的低灵敏度范围内,所获结果是令人鼓舞的     

The respiratory physiology of anadromous vertebrates: A comparison of blood gas transport in lampreys and salmonids

Much of our understanding of the respiratory physiology of lower vertebrates has been derived from studies of salmonids. With regard to blood gas transport, investigators recently have documented a number of important features that may be helpful to the animal under stressful conditions. Several studies examining the respiratory physiology of agnathans have also revealed that striking differences in the strategy of blood gas transport may exist among the lower vertebrates inhabiting the estuary. This paper describes the characteristics of blood gas transport in both salmonids and lampreys and attempts to compare the respiratory strategy of each.     

The distribution and stable carbon isotopic composition of dissolved organic carbon in estuaries

The distributions of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and the natural carbon isotope ratio of DOC (DO¹³C) in estuaries reflect the predominant sources and sinks of organic matter from both allochthonous and autochthonous origins. The traditional view is that DOC in land-margin ecosystems reflects mainly the mixing of land-derived and oceanic DOC. However, this view is not consistent with the bulk of our data from a survey of DOC and DO¹³C distributions in estuaries on the East and Gulf coasts of the USA. While it is accurate that the DOC in estuaries includes material derived from land and from the ocean, the distributions of DOC and DO¹³C in several estuaries reflect additional DOC inputs from estuarine phytoplankton and tidal marshes. Even when DOC concentrations were distributed conservatively, the isotopic composition of the DOC revealed the existence of a dynamic cycle of DOC input and removal in some systems.     

Estimation using spatially distributed multivariate data: An example with coal quality

A method to estimate several spatially related variables is presented. The method uses principal component analysis to produce cokriging results in a computationally efficient manner and enables a straightforward extension to more than two variables. An example is given that describes the estimation of the coal quality parameters, ash, heating value, and sulfur.     

Estimating groundwater recharge through tills: a sensitivity analysis of soil moisture budgets and till properties in Ireland

The study highlights the dangers of limiting recharge calculations in humid climates to meteorological and soil considerations. It highlights the importance of developing a conceptual understanding of the influence of geology on recharge mechanisms and recharge rates. Uncertainties in recharge estimates through tills are examined by a study of the available literature, combined with sensitivity analyses of soil moisture budget parameters and of hypothetical scenarios of till properties and hydraulic gradients that are realistic for Irish conditions. The sensitivity analyses demonstrate that till properties have a greater influence over recharge than the soil moisture budgeting parameters. Results are considered in terms of recharge coefficients, representing the proportion of effective precipitation that becomes actual recharge to the aquifer. The literature review identifies a range in recharge coefficients from 4% to 90% in selected field and catchment scale studies from bedrock aquifers in Ireland and the U.K. The sensitivity analyses are able to simulate a similar range in recharge coefficient of 2% to 80% by varying only till permeability, thickness and vertical hydraulic gradients. In the scenarios examined, the greatest sensitivity to vertical till permeability lies between 0.001 m/day and 0.01 m/day. The sensitivity to soil moisture budgeting parameters is much less apparent. It is concluded that this is due to the dominance of grassland in Ireland and the relatively wet summers, resulting in the limited development of soil moisture deficits by comparison with some parts of the U.K.

---

Résumé Cette étude met en lumière les dangers résultants de la pratique consultant à limiter les calculs de recharge aux données météorologiques ainsi qu’aux considérations liées au sol. Elle met en lumière l’importance de développer des modèles conceptuels comprenant l’influence de la géologie sur les mécanismes de la recharge et les taux de recharge. Les incertitudes sur les estimations de la recharge à travers les argiles sont examinées à travers les données disponibles dans la littérature, combinées avec une analyse de sensibilité des paramètres du bilan hydrique et des scénarios hypothétiques reprenant les propriétés des argiles et les gradients hydrauliques qui sont réalistes dans le contexte irlandais de l’étude. Les analyses de sensibilité démontrent que les propriétés des argiles ont une plus grande influence sur la recharge que les paramètres du bilan hydrique des sols. Les résultats sont considérés en terme de coefficients de recharge, représentant la proportion de précipitation effective qui devient la recharge réelle de l’aquifère. La littérature identifie des coefficients de recharge allant de 4 à 90% sur des terrains sélectionnés à l’échelle de bassins-versants, sur les aquifères de socle en Irlande et au Royaume-Uni. Les analyses de sensibilité sont capables de simuler une variation aussi large de coefficients de recharge, en ne changeant rien que la perméabilité des argiles, leur épaisseur et les gradients hydrauliques verticaux. Dans les scénarios étudiés, la meilleure sensibilité à la perméabilité verticale se situe entre 0.001 et 0.01 m/jour. La sensibilité au bilan hydrique est beaucoup moins apparente. On en conclut que ceci est du à la dominance des prairies en Ireland et aux étés relativement humides, résultant des déficits en eau des sols relativement modérés en comparaison avec certaines zones du Royaume-uni.

---

Resumen El estudio resalta los peligros de limitar los cálculos de recarga en climas húmedos a las consideraciones meteorológicas y del suelo. Se destaca la importancia de desarrollar un entendimiento conceptual de la influencia de la geología en los mecanismos de recarga y los ritmos de recarga. Se examinan las incertidumbres en los estimados de recarga a través de tills mediante un estudio de la literatura disponible combinado con análisis de sensibilidad de parámetros de balance de humedad del suelo y de escenarios hipotéticos de las propiedades del till y gradientes hidráulicos que son realistas para condiciones típicas de Irlanda. Los análisis de sensibilidad demuestran que las propiedades del till tienen una influencia más grande en la recarga que los parámetros del balance de humedad del suelo. Se consideran los resultados en términos de coeficientes de recarga, representando la proporción de precipitación efectiva que se convierte en recarga real al acuífero. La revisión de literatura identifica un rango de coeficientes de recarga que varía de 4% a 90% en estudios seleccionados de cuencas y escala de campo realizados en acuíferos de macizo rocoso en Irlanda y el Reino Unido. Los análisis de sensibilidad pueden simular un rango similar en los coeficientes de recarga de 2% a 80% al variar únicamente la permeabilidad del till, el espesor y los gradientes verticales hidráulicos. En los escenarios examinados, la relación de sensibilidad más grande con la permeabilidad vertical del till se encuentra entre 0.001 m/día y 0.01 m/día. La sensibilidad en relación a los parámetros del balance de humedad del suelo es mucho menos aparente. Se concluye que esto se debe a la predominancia de tierras con hierba en Irlanda y los veranos relativamente húmedos, lo que resulta en el desarrollo limitado de déficit de humedad de suelo en comparación con algunas partes del Reino Unido.

     

Investigation of hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater from the Cretaceous-Eocene limestone aquifer in southern Ghana and southern Togo using hierarchical cluster analysis

The most relevant controls on the water quality within the Cretaceous-Eocene limestone aquifer of the Keta Basin, Ghana, and the coastal sedimentary basin of Togo were assessed using Q-mode hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and mass-balance modelling. The pattern recognition technique of HCA was employed for partitioning hydrochemical data from a total of 65 surface and borehole samples from the study area into water groups. A spatial plot of the water groups consisting of samples from the limestone aquifer shows that the vast majority of samples belonging to the same group are located in close proximity to one another, suggesting the same processes and/or flow paths in the limestone aquifer system. Geochemical reaction models of selected water groups were constructed using PHREEQC-2. The hydrochemical compositions of the water groups and the mass-balance calculations indicate that the dominant processes and reactions responsible for the hydrochemical evolution in the system are: (1) carbonate equilibria, (2) silicate weathering reactions, (3) limited mixing with saline water, and (4) ion exchange. The combined use of HCA and mass-balance modelling has shown to be a useful approach in interpreting groundwater hydrochemistry in an area where large uncertainties exist in the understanding of the groundwater flow system.     

Tracking meteoric infiltration into a magmatic-hydrothermal system: A cathodoluminescence, oxygen isotope and trace element study of quartz from Mt. Leyshon, Australia

The oxygen isotope and trace element composition of hydrothermal quartz has been integrated with scanning electron microscope-cathodoluminescence (SEM-CL) images and fluid inclusion properties to track fluid sources and hydrothermal processes in the Mt. Leyshon Au deposit, Australia. Oxygen isotope and trace element data were collected on parallel traverses across the same quartz sections, using secondary isotope mass spectrometry (SIMS) and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), respectively, with SEM-CL images obtained before analysis for petrographic context. Over the 280 to 650 °C quartz precipitation range suggested by fluid inclusion microthermometry, δ¹⁸O_quartz varies from 0.0 to 14.4‰, corresponding to a wide range of equilibrium δ¹⁸O_fluid values, from-6.1 to 10.2‰ (vs. V-SMOW). The δ¹⁸O_quartz signature varies systematically among distinct SEM-CL quartz generations (both within and between samples), and can be correlated with variations in temperature and fluid composition, but is independent of intra-generational oscillatory zoning. In contrast, Al and Li concentrations correlate broadly with CL intensity in oscillatory quartz, whereas their concentration is unpredictable in sealed fractures and overgrowths. Concentrations of B, Mg, Na, P, Cl, K, Ti, Mn, Fe, Ge, and Sn are independent of Al, Li, and oscillatory CL features, but Ti correlates with quartz precipitation temperature. Although no systematic correlation between δ¹⁸O_quartz and trace element concentrations was found, complementary patterns exist in narrow overgrowths of low δ¹⁸O_quartz ( 0‰) and high Al (> 10,000 ppma). These quartz zones likely formed during the incursion of ¹⁸O-depleted meteoric water into the magmatically-dominated Mt. Leyshon hydrothermal system. We interpret the highest Al concentrations as the result of high quartz precipitation rates, triggered by depressurisation of the hydrothermal cell. The decoupling of oxygen isotope and trace element patterns in quartz leads to the suggestion that (1) under most circumstances, temperature and fluid chemistry dominate δ¹⁸O_quartz, and (2) the trace element record, and in particular Al and Li, is influenced by the superimposed effects of quartz precipitation rate.     

The long-term effects of crude oil on microbial processes in subarctic marine sediments

Subarctic marine sediments were exposed to fresh and ‘weathered’ crude oil from Cook Inlet, Alaska. The crude oil was thoroughly mixed with the sediment at various concentrations and some of the oil-sediment mixtures were placed on top of unamended sediments. Both sediments with added oil and those overlain by oiled sediments were investigated. These sediments were placed either in trays or aquaria. The trays were incubated in situ near the site from which the sediments were originally collected. The aquaria were maintained at simulated in situ conditions by maintaining a continuous flow of fresh seawater through them. The sediments were exposed to crude oil for periods up to 1.5 years. Sediments exposed to 50‰ fresh crude oil showed significant decreases in nitrogen fixation and denitrification rates and redox potentials. Also observed were increases in CO₂ production rates and methane concentrations. These same changes were observed in sediments exposed to 1‰. When ‘weathered’ crude oil was added to the sediments, the same changes were observed except there was no reduction in nitrogen fixation activity. In most cases, the observed effects were less marked when the sediments were amended with ‘weathered’ crude oil than with the same concentration of fresh crude oil. Untreated sediments that were overlain with treated sediments showed the same changes as those sediments that were thoroughly mixed with crude oil. The presence of fresh crude oil at 50‰ essentially eliminated burrowing activity of the benthic infauna. Under these conditions, there was an accumulation of detritus particles on the oiled sediments that was not present in the untreated controls.