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61.
We report single-grain quartz luminescence ages for the Puritjarra rock shelter, with the aim of resolving an apparent discrepancy between ages obtained by 14C and a variety of luminescence methods, previously reported. Ages now found at all depths to 75 cm (ages to 30 ka) can be interpreted as largely resolving the differences. This implied caveat arises because single-grain methods are statistically inefficient. As a consequence, a degree of interpretation is inevitable in analysing the data. The emphasis in the present paper is an analysis making use of weighted histograms. The measurements by single grain OSL and 14C, including ABOX–SC, taken together, can be regarded as compatible. They indicate human occupation of the Puritjarra rock shelter at least as early as 30 ka BP. 相似文献
62.
V. O. Mikhailov T. Parsons R. W. Simpson E. P. Timoshkina C. Williams 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2007,43(1):75-90
Data on present-day heat flow, subsidence history, and paleotemperature for the Sacramento Delta region, California, have
been employed to constrain a numerical model of tectonic subsidence and thermal evolution of forearc basins. The model assumes
an oceanic basement with an initial thermal profile dependent on its age subjected to refrigeration caused by a subducting
slab. Subsidence in the Sacramento Delta region appears to be close to that expected for a forearc basin underlain by normal
oceanic lithosphere of age 150 Ma, demonstrating that effects from both the initial thermal profile and the subduction process
are necessary and sufficient. Subsidence at the eastern and northern borders of the Sacramento Valley is considerably less,
approximating subsidence expected from the dynamics of the subduction zone alone. These results, together with other geophysical
data, show that Sacramento Delta lithosphere, being thinner and having undergone deeper subsidence, must differ from lithosphere
of the transitional type under other parts of the Sacramento Valley. Thermal modeling allows evaluation of the rheological
properties of the lithosphere. Strength diagrams based on our thermal model show that, even under relatively slow deformation
(10−17 s−1), the upper part of the delta crystalline crust (down to 20–22 km) can fail in brittle fashion, which is in agreement with
deeper earthquake occurrence. Hypocentral depths of earthquakes under the Sacramento Delta region extend to nearly 20 km,
whereas, in the Coast Ranges to the west, depths are typically less than 12–15 km. The greater width of the seismogenic zone
in this area raises the possibility that, for fault segments of comparable length, earthquakes of somewhat greater magnitude
might occur than in the Coast Ranges to the west.
The text was submitted by the authors in English. 相似文献
63.
Comparison of flood hazard assessments on desert piedmonts and playas: A case study in Ivanpah Valley, Nevada 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Colin R. Robins Brenda J. Buck Amanda J. Williams Janice L. Morton P. Kyle House Michael S. Howell Maureen L. Yonovitz 《Geomorphology》2009,103(4):520-532
Accurate and realistic characterizations of flood hazards on desert piedmonts and playas are increasingly important given the rapid urbanization of arid regions. Flood behavior in arid fluvial systems differs greatly from that of the perennial rivers upon which most conventional flood hazard assessment methods are based. Additionally, hazard assessments may vary widely between studies or even contradict other maps. This study's chief objective was to compare and evaluate landscape interpretation and hazard assessment between types of maps depicting assessments of flood risk in Ivanpah Valley, NV, as a case study. As a secondary goal, we explain likely causes of discrepancy between data sets to ameliorate confusion for map users. Four maps, including three different flood hazard assessments of Ivanpah Valley, NV, were compared: (i) a regulatory map prepared by FEMA, (ii) a soil survey map prepared by NRCS, (iii) a surficial geologic map, and (iv) a flood hazard map derived from the surficial geologic map, both of which were prepared by NBMG. GIS comparisons revealed that only 3.4% (33.9 km2) of Ivanpah Valley was found to lie within a FEMA floodplain, while the geologic flood hazard map indicated that ~ 44% of Ivanpah Valley runs some risk of flooding (Fig. 2D). Due to differences in mapping methodology and scale, NRCS data could not be quantitatively compared, and other comparisons were complicated by differences in flood hazard class criteria and terminology between maps. Owing to its scale and scope of attribute data, the surficial geologic map provides the most useful information on flood hazards for land-use planning. This research has implications for future soil geomorphic mapping and flood risk mitigation on desert piedmonts and playas. The Ivanpah Valley study area also includes the location of a planned new international airport, thus this study has immediate implications for urban development and land-use planning near Las Vegas, NV. 相似文献
64.
Environmental justice is both a vocabulary for political opportunity, mobilization and action, and a policy principle to guide public decision making. It emerged initially in the US, and more recently in the UK, as a new vocabulary underpinning action by community organizations campaigning against environmental injustices. However, as the environmental justice discourse has matured, it has become increasingly evident that it should play a role in the wider agendas for sustainable development and social inclusion. The links between sustainability and environmental justice are becoming clearer and more widely understood in the UK by NGOs and government alike, and it is the potential synergy between these two discourses which is the focus of this paper. This paper argues that the concept of 'just sustainability' provides a discourse for policymakers and activists, which brings together the key dimensions of both environmental justice and sustainable development. 相似文献
65.
Daniel D. Riemer Eric C. Apel John J. Orlando Geoffrey S. Tyndall William H. Brune Eric J. Williams William A. Lonneman James D. Neece 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2008,61(3):227-242
As part of the 2000 Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS), we studied the isoprene oxidation process under ambient conditions to
discern the presence of chlorine atom (Cl) chemistry in the Houston, Texas urban area. By measuring chloromethylbutenone (CMBO)
and an isomer of chloromethylbutenal (CMBA), we clearly observed sixteen episodes of active Cl chemistry during the 24-day
experiment. Estimated median Cl concentration during each of these episodes was between the detection limit of ~102 atoms cm−3 and 50 - 30 + 70 ×104 50_{ - 30}^{ + 70} \times {10^4} atoms cm−3. Cl concentration during all the episodes averaged 7.6 - 2.0 + 4.7 ×104 7.6_{ - 2.0}^{ + 4.7} \times {10^4} atoms cm−3 and thus amounted to less than 3% of the OH concentration during the same periods. During the episodes, the fraction of oxidation
chemistry initiated by Cl ranged from 3–43% and was strongly dependent on the quantity and type of hydrocarbons present in
the atmosphere. Because of its intermittent presence and low concentration, Cl is not a broadly influential oxidant in the
Houston, Texas urban area. 相似文献
66.
67.
The most appropriate indices with which to quantify Australian bushfire danger are the McArthur fire danger meters. These meters use meteorological information to produce a fire danger index that is directly related to the chance of a fire starting - and to the severity of a fire once it has started. The Mark 5 forest-fire danger meter uses air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed, plus a drought factor that is calculated using daily rainfall and temperature information.Three years of daily data generated from the CSIRO four-level general circulation model, and thirty years of daily data generated from the CSIRO nine-level model were used to estimate the daily McArthur forest fire danger index for simulations corresponding to present conditions, and to those corresponding to doubled atmospheric CO2. The performance of these models with respect to fire danger was tested by comparing the fire danger index for Sale (in the Eastern part of Victoria, South-eastern Australia) calculated from analysis of daily climatological data with the modelled annual cumulative forest fire danger index for the grid point that was representative of Sale. Data from both models for all Australian grid points were also examined. Both models predict an increase in fire danger over much of Australia for their doubled CO2 scenarios.The results from the models confirm that annually averaged daily relative humidity is the single most important variable in the estimation of forest fire danger on an annual basis, yet the models tend to produce relative humidities that are slightly too low so that the fire danger is overestimated. A simple one-box model of evaporation indicates that the value of relative humidity to be expected under an altered climatic regime depends on the modelled relation between actual and potential evaporation, the present values of relative humidity and evaporation rate, as well as on the expected changes in wind speed. 相似文献
68.
Qunying Luo William Bellotti Martin Williams Ian Cooper Brett Bryan 《Climatic change》2007,85(1-2):89-101
This study presents a model-based risk assessment of wheat production under projected climate change by 2080 in eight locations
of South Australia. The vulnerability of wheat production under future climate change was quantitatively evaluated via a risk
analysis in which the identification of critical yield thresholds applies. Research results show that risk (conditional probability
of not exceeding the critical yield thresholds) increased more or less across all locations under the most likely climate
change. Wheat production in drier areas such as Minnipa, Orroroo and Wanbi will not be economically viable under the most
likely climate change. Intensive studies on adaptation are now required. 相似文献
69.
T. M. Lenton R. Marsh A. R. Price D. J. Lunt Y. Aksenov J. D. Annan T. Cooper-Chadwick S. J. Cox N. R. Edwards S. Goswami J. C. Hargreaves P. P. Harris Z. Jiao V. N. Livina A. J. Payne I. C. Rutt J. G. Shepherd P. J. Valdes G. Williams M. S. Williamson A. Yool 《Climate Dynamics》2007,29(6):591-613
We have used the Grid ENabled Integrated Earth system modelling (GENIE) framework to undertake a systematic search for bi-stability
of the ocean thermohaline circulation (THC) for different surface grids and resolutions of 3-D ocean (GOLDSTEIN) under a 3-D
dynamical atmosphere model (IGCM). A total of 407,000 years were simulated over a three month period using Grid computing.
We find bi-stability of the THC despite significant, quasi-periodic variability in its strength driven by variability in the
dynamical atmosphere. The position and width of the hysteresis loop depends on the choice of surface grid (longitude-latitude
or equal area), but is less sensitive to changes in ocean resolution. For the same ocean resolution, the region of bi-stability
is broader with the IGCM than with a simple energy-moisture balance atmosphere model (EMBM). Feedbacks involving both ocean
and atmospheric dynamics are found to promote THC bi-stability. THC switch-off leads to increased import of freshwater at
the southern boundary of the Atlantic associated with meridional overturning circulation. This is counteracted by decreased
freshwater import associated with gyre and diffusive transports. However, these are localised such that the density gradient
between North and South is reduced tending to maintain the THC off state. THC switch-off can also generate net atmospheric
freshwater input to the Atlantic that tends to maintain the off state. The ocean feedbacks are present in all resolutions,
across most of the bi-stable region, whereas the atmosphere feedback is strongest in the longitude–latitude grid and around
the transition where the THC off state is disappearing. Here the net oceanic freshwater import due to the overturning mode
weakens, promoting THC switch-on, but the atmosphere counteracts this by increasing net freshwater input. This increases the
extent of THC bi-stability in this version of the model.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
70.
P. J. Bartlein S. P. Harrison S. Brewer S. Connor B. A. S. Davis K. Gajewski J. Guiot T. I. Harrison-Prentice A. Henderson O. Peyron I. C. Prentice M. Scholze H. Seppä B. Shuman S. Sugita R. S. Thompson A. E. Viau J. Williams H. Wu 《Climate Dynamics》2011,37(3-4):775-802
Subfossil pollen and plant macrofossil data derived from 14C-dated sediment profiles can provide quantitative information on glacial and interglacial climates. The data allow climate variables related to growing-season warmth, winter cold, and plant-available moisture to be reconstructed. Continental-scale reconstructions have been made for the mid-Holocene (MH, around 6 ka) and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, around 21 ka), allowing comparison with palaeoclimate simulations currently being carried out as part of the fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The synthesis of the available MH and LGM climate reconstructions and their uncertainties, obtained using modern-analogue, regression and model-inversion techniques, is presented for four temperature variables and two moisture variables. Reconstructions of the same variables based on surface-pollen assemblages are shown to be accurate and unbiased. Reconstructed LGM and MH climate anomaly patterns are coherent, consistent between variables, and robust with respect to the choice of technique. They support a conceptual model of the controls of Late Quaternary climate change whereby the first-order effects of orbital variations and greenhouse forcing on the seasonal cycle of temperature are predictably modified by responses of the atmospheric circulation and surface energy balance. 相似文献